/**********************************************************************
 * plperl.c - perl as a procedural language for PostgreSQL
 *
 *	  src/pl/plperl/plperl.c
 *
 **********************************************************************/

#include "postgres.h"
/* Defined by Perl */
#undef _

/* system stuff */
#include <ctype.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <locale.h>

/* postgreSQL stuff */
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "catalog/pg_language.h"
#include "catalog/pg_proc.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "commands/trigger.h"
#include "executor/spi.h"
#include "funcapi.h"
#include "mb/pg_wchar.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
#include "parser/parse_type.h"
#include "storage/ipc.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
#include "utils/guc.h"
#include "utils/hsearch.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"
#include "utils/typcache.h"

/* define our text domain for translations */
#undef TEXTDOMAIN
#define TEXTDOMAIN PG_TEXTDOMAIN("plperl")

/* perl stuff */
#include "plperl.h"
#include "plperl_helpers.h"

/* string literal macros defining chunks of perl code */
#include "perlchunks.h"
/* defines PLPERL_SET_OPMASK */
#include "plperl_opmask.h"

EXTERN_C void boot_DynaLoader(pTHX_ CV *cv);
EXTERN_C void boot_PostgreSQL__InServer__Util(pTHX_ CV *cv);
EXTERN_C void boot_PostgreSQL__InServer__SPI(pTHX_ CV *cv);

PG_MODULE_MAGIC;


/**********************************************************************
 * Information associated with a Perl interpreter.	We have one interpreter
 * that is used for all plperlu (untrusted) functions.	For plperl (trusted)
 * functions, there is a separate interpreter for each effective SQL userid.
 * (This is needed to ensure that an unprivileged user can't inject Perl code
 * that'll be executed with the privileges of some other SQL user.)
 *
 * The plperl_interp_desc structs are kept in a Postgres hash table indexed
 * by userid OID, with OID 0 used for the single untrusted interpreter.
 *
 * We start out by creating a "held" interpreter, which we initialize
 * only as far as we can do without deciding if it will be trusted or
 * untrusted.  Later, when we first need to run a plperl or plperlu
 * function, we complete the initialization appropriately and move the
 * PerlInterpreter pointer into the plperl_interp_hash hashtable.  If after
 * that we need more interpreters, we create them as needed if we can, or
 * fail if the Perl build doesn't support multiple interpreters.
 *
 * The reason for all the dancing about with a held interpreter is to make
 * it possible for people to preload a lot of Perl code at postmaster startup
 * (using plperl.on_init) and then use that code in backends.  Of course this
 * will only work for the first interpreter created in any backend, but it's
 * still useful with that restriction.
 **********************************************************************/
typedef struct plperl_interp_desc
{
	Oid			user_id;		/* Hash key (must be first!) */
	PerlInterpreter *interp;	/* The interpreter */
	HTAB	   *query_hash;		/* plperl_query_entry structs */
} plperl_interp_desc;


/**********************************************************************
 * The information we cache about loaded procedures
 **********************************************************************/
typedef struct plperl_proc_desc
{
	char	   *proname;		/* user name of procedure */
	TransactionId fn_xmin;
	ItemPointerData fn_tid;
	plperl_interp_desc *interp; /* interpreter it's created in */
	bool		fn_readonly;
	bool		lanpltrusted;
	bool		fn_retistuple;	/* true, if function returns tuple */
	bool		fn_retisset;	/* true, if function returns set */
	bool		fn_retisarray;	/* true if function returns array */
	Oid			result_oid;		/* Oid of result type */
	FmgrInfo	result_in_func; /* I/O function and arg for result type */
	Oid			result_typioparam;
	int			nargs;
	FmgrInfo	arg_out_func[FUNC_MAX_ARGS];
	bool		arg_is_rowtype[FUNC_MAX_ARGS];
	Oid			arg_arraytype[FUNC_MAX_ARGS];	/* InvalidOid if not an array */
	SV		   *reference;
} plperl_proc_desc;

/**********************************************************************
 * For speedy lookup, we maintain a hash table mapping from
 * function OID + trigger flag + user OID to plperl_proc_desc pointers.
 * The reason the plperl_proc_desc struct isn't directly part of the hash
 * entry is to simplify recovery from errors during compile_plperl_function.
 *
 * Note: if the same function is called by multiple userIDs within a session,
 * there will be a separate plperl_proc_desc entry for each userID in the case
 * of plperl functions, but only one entry for plperlu functions, because we
 * set user_id = 0 for that case.  If the user redeclares the same function
 * from plperl to plperlu or vice versa, there might be multiple
 * plperl_proc_ptr entries in the hashtable, but only one is valid.
 **********************************************************************/
typedef struct plperl_proc_key
{
	Oid			proc_id;		/* Function OID */

	/*
	 * is_trigger is really a bool, but declare as Oid to ensure this struct
	 * contains no padding
	 */
	Oid			is_trigger;		/* is it a trigger function? */
	Oid			user_id;		/* User calling the function, or 0 */
} plperl_proc_key;

typedef struct plperl_proc_ptr
{
	plperl_proc_key proc_key;	/* Hash key (must be first!) */
	plperl_proc_desc *proc_ptr;
} plperl_proc_ptr;

/*
 * The information we cache for the duration of a single call to a
 * function.
 */
typedef struct plperl_call_data
{
	plperl_proc_desc *prodesc;
	FunctionCallInfo fcinfo;
	Tuplestorestate *tuple_store;
	TupleDesc	ret_tdesc;
	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;
	MemoryContext tmp_cxt;
} plperl_call_data;

/**********************************************************************
 * The information we cache about prepared and saved plans
 **********************************************************************/
typedef struct plperl_query_desc
{
	char		qname[24];
	void	   *plan;
	int			nargs;
	Oid		   *argtypes;
	FmgrInfo   *arginfuncs;
	Oid		   *argtypioparams;
} plperl_query_desc;

/* hash table entry for query desc	*/

typedef struct plperl_query_entry
{
	char		query_name[NAMEDATALEN];
	plperl_query_desc *query_data;
} plperl_query_entry;

/**********************************************************************
 * Information for PostgreSQL - Perl array conversion.
 **********************************************************************/
typedef struct plperl_array_info
{
	int			ndims;
	bool		elem_is_rowtype;	/* 't' if element type is a rowtype */
	Datum	   *elements;
	bool	   *nulls;
	int		   *nelems;
	FmgrInfo	proc;
} plperl_array_info;

/**********************************************************************
 * Global data
 **********************************************************************/

static HTAB *plperl_interp_hash = NULL;
static HTAB *plperl_proc_hash = NULL;
static plperl_interp_desc *plperl_active_interp = NULL;

/* If we have an unassigned "held" interpreter, it's stored here */
static PerlInterpreter *plperl_held_interp = NULL;

/* GUC variables */
static bool plperl_use_strict = false;
static char *plperl_on_init = NULL;
static char *plperl_on_plperl_init = NULL;
static char *plperl_on_plperlu_init = NULL;

static bool plperl_ending = false;
static OP  *(*pp_require_orig) (pTHX) = NULL;
static char plperl_opmask[MAXO];

/* this is saved and restored by plperl_call_handler */
static plperl_call_data *current_call_data = NULL;

/**********************************************************************
 * Forward declarations
 **********************************************************************/
Datum		plperl_call_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum		plperl_inline_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum		plperl_validator(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
void		_PG_init(void);

static PerlInterpreter *plperl_init_interp(void);
static void plperl_destroy_interp(PerlInterpreter **);
static void plperl_fini(int code, Datum arg);
static void set_interp_require(bool trusted);

static Datum plperl_func_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
static Datum plperl_trigger_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);

static plperl_proc_desc *compile_plperl_function(Oid fn_oid, bool is_trigger);

static SV  *plperl_hash_from_tuple(HeapTuple tuple, TupleDesc tupdesc);
static SV  *plperl_hash_from_datum(Datum attr);
static SV  *plperl_ref_from_pg_array(Datum arg, Oid typid);
static SV  *split_array(plperl_array_info *info, int first, int last, int nest);
static SV  *make_array_ref(plperl_array_info *info, int first, int last);
static SV  *get_perl_array_ref(SV *sv);
static Datum plperl_sv_to_datum(SV *sv, FmgrInfo *func, Oid typid,
				   Oid typioparam, int32 typmod, bool *isnull);
static void _sv_to_datum_finfo(FmgrInfo *fcinfo, Oid typid, Oid *typioparam);
static Datum plperl_array_to_datum(SV *src, Oid typid);
static ArrayBuildState *_array_to_datum(AV *av, int *ndims, int *dims,
			  int cur_depth, ArrayBuildState *astate, Oid typid, Oid atypid);
static Datum plperl_hash_to_datum(SV *src, TupleDesc td);

static void plperl_init_shared_libs(pTHX);
static void plperl_trusted_init(void);
static void plperl_untrusted_init(void);
static HV  *plperl_spi_execute_fetch_result(SPITupleTable *, int, int);
static char *hek2cstr(HE *he);
static SV **hv_store_string(HV *hv, const char *key, SV *val);
static SV **hv_fetch_string(HV *hv, const char *key);
static void plperl_create_sub(plperl_proc_desc *desc, char *s, Oid fn_oid);
static SV  *plperl_call_perl_func(plperl_proc_desc *desc,
					  FunctionCallInfo fcinfo);
static void plperl_compile_callback(void *arg);
static void plperl_exec_callback(void *arg);
static void plperl_inline_callback(void *arg);
static char *strip_trailing_ws(const char *msg);
static OP  *pp_require_safe(pTHX);
static void activate_interpreter(plperl_interp_desc *interp_desc);

#ifdef WIN32
static char *setlocale_perl(int category, char *locale);
#endif

/*
 * convert a HE (hash entry) key to a cstr in the current database encoding
 */
static char *
hek2cstr(HE *he)
{
	/*-------------------------
	 * Unfortunately,  while HeUTF8 is true for most things > 256, for values
	 * 128..255 it's not, but perl will treat them as unicode code points if
	 * the utf8 flag is not set ( see The "Unicode Bug" in perldoc perlunicode
	 * for more)
	 *
	 * So if we did the expected:
	 *	  if (HeUTF8(he))
	 *		  utf_u2e(key...);
	 *	  else // must be ascii
	 *		  return HePV(he);
	 * we won't match columns with codepoints from 128..255
	 *
	 * For a more concrete example given a column with the name of the unicode
	 * codepoint U+00ae (registered sign) and a UTF8 database and the perl
	 * return_next { "\N{U+00ae}=>'text } would always fail as heUTF8 returns
	 * 0 and HePV() would give us a char * with 1 byte contains the decimal
	 * value 174
	 *
	 * Perl has the brains to know when it should utf8 encode 174 properly, so
	 * here we force it into an SV so that perl will figure it out and do the
	 * right thing
	 *-------------------------
	 */
	SV		   *sv = HeSVKEY_force(he);

	if (HeUTF8(he))
		SvUTF8_on(sv);
	return sv2cstr(sv);
}

/*
 * This routine is a crock, and so is everyplace that calls it.  The problem
 * is that the cached form of plperl functions/queries is allocated permanently
 * (mostly via malloc()) and never released until backend exit.  Subsidiary
 * data structures such as fmgr info records therefore must live forever
 * as well.  A better implementation would store all this stuff in a per-
 * function memory context that could be reclaimed at need.  In the meantime,
 * fmgr_info_cxt must be called specifying TopMemoryContext so that whatever
 * it might allocate, and whatever the eventual function might allocate using
 * fn_mcxt, will live forever too.
 */
static void
perm_fmgr_info(Oid functionId, FmgrInfo *finfo)
{
	fmgr_info_cxt(functionId, finfo, TopMemoryContext);
}


/*
 * _PG_init()			- library load-time initialization
 *
 * DO NOT make this static nor change its name!
 */
void
_PG_init(void)
{
	/*
	 * Be sure we do initialization only once.
	 *
	 * If initialization fails due to, e.g., plperl_init_interp() throwing an
	 * exception, then we'll return here on the next usage and the user will
	 * get a rather cryptic: ERROR:  attempt to redefine parameter
	 * "plperl.use_strict"
	 */
	static bool inited = false;
	HASHCTL		hash_ctl;

	if (inited)
		return;

	/*
	 * Support localized messages.
	 */
	pg_bindtextdomain(TEXTDOMAIN);

	/*
	 * Initialize plperl's GUCs.
	 */
	DefineCustomBoolVariable("plperl.use_strict",
							 gettext_noop("If true, trusted and untrusted Perl code will be compiled in strict mode."),
							 NULL,
							 &plperl_use_strict,
							 false,
							 PGC_USERSET, 0,
							 NULL, NULL);

	/*
	 * plperl.on_init is marked PGC_SIGHUP to support the idea that it might
	 * be executed in the postmaster (if plperl is loaded into the postmaster
	 * via shared_preload_libraries).  This isn't really right either way,
	 * though.
	 */
	DefineCustomStringVariable("plperl.on_init",
							   gettext_noop("Perl initialization code to execute when a Perl interpreter is initialized."),
							   NULL,
							   &plperl_on_init,
							   NULL,
							   PGC_SIGHUP, 0,
							   NULL, NULL);

	/*
	 * plperl.on_plperl_init is marked PGC_SUSET to avoid issues whereby a
	 * user who might not even have USAGE privilege on the plperl language
	 * could nonetheless use SET plperl.on_plperl_init='...' to influence the
	 * behaviour of any existing plperl function that they can execute (which
	 * might be SECURITY DEFINER, leading to a privilege escalation).  See
	 * http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-hackers/2010-02/msg00281.php and
	 * the overall thread.
	 *
	 * Note that because plperl.use_strict is USERSET, a nefarious user could
	 * set it to be applied against other people's functions.  This is judged
	 * OK since the worst result would be an error.  Your code oughta pass
	 * use_strict anyway ;-)
	 */
	DefineCustomStringVariable("plperl.on_plperl_init",
							   gettext_noop("Perl initialization code to execute once when plperl is first used."),
							   NULL,
							   &plperl_on_plperl_init,
							   NULL,
							   PGC_SUSET, 0,
							   NULL, NULL);

	DefineCustomStringVariable("plperl.on_plperlu_init",
							   gettext_noop("Perl initialization code to execute once when plperlu is first used."),
							   NULL,
							   &plperl_on_plperlu_init,
							   NULL,
							   PGC_SUSET, 0,
							   NULL, NULL);

	EmitWarningsOnPlaceholders("plperl");

	/*
	 * Create hash tables.
	 */
	memset(&hash_ctl, 0, sizeof(hash_ctl));
	hash_ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
	hash_ctl.entrysize = sizeof(plperl_interp_desc);
	hash_ctl.hash = oid_hash;
	plperl_interp_hash = hash_create("PL/Perl interpreters",
									 8,
									 &hash_ctl,
									 HASH_ELEM | HASH_FUNCTION);

	memset(&hash_ctl, 0, sizeof(hash_ctl));
	hash_ctl.keysize = sizeof(plperl_proc_key);
	hash_ctl.entrysize = sizeof(plperl_proc_ptr);
	hash_ctl.hash = tag_hash;
	plperl_proc_hash = hash_create("PL/Perl procedures",
								   32,
								   &hash_ctl,
								   HASH_ELEM | HASH_FUNCTION);

	/*
	 * Save the default opmask.
	 */
	PLPERL_SET_OPMASK(plperl_opmask);

	/*
	 * Create the first Perl interpreter, but only partially initialize it.
	 */
	plperl_held_interp = plperl_init_interp();

	inited = true;
}


static void
set_interp_require(bool trusted)
{
	if (trusted)
	{
		PL_ppaddr[OP_REQUIRE] = pp_require_safe;
		PL_ppaddr[OP_DOFILE] = pp_require_safe;
	}
	else
	{
		PL_ppaddr[OP_REQUIRE] = pp_require_orig;
		PL_ppaddr[OP_DOFILE] = pp_require_orig;
	}
}

/*
 * Cleanup perl interpreters, including running END blocks.
 * Does not fully undo the actions of _PG_init() nor make it callable again.
 */
static void
plperl_fini(int code, Datum arg)
{
	HASH_SEQ_STATUS hash_seq;
	plperl_interp_desc *interp_desc;

	elog(DEBUG3, "plperl_fini");

	/*
	 * Indicate that perl is terminating. Disables use of spi_* functions when
	 * running END/DESTROY code. See check_spi_usage_allowed(). Could be
	 * enabled in future, with care, using a transaction
	 * http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-hackers/2010-01/msg02743.php
	 */
	plperl_ending = true;

	/* Only perform perl cleanup if we're exiting cleanly */
	if (code)
	{
		elog(DEBUG3, "plperl_fini: skipped");
		return;
	}

	/* Zap the "held" interpreter, if we still have it */
	plperl_destroy_interp(&plperl_held_interp);

	/* Zap any fully-initialized interpreters */
	hash_seq_init(&hash_seq, plperl_interp_hash);
	while ((interp_desc = hash_seq_search(&hash_seq)) != NULL)
	{
		if (interp_desc->interp)
		{
			activate_interpreter(interp_desc);
			plperl_destroy_interp(&interp_desc->interp);
		}
	}

	elog(DEBUG3, "plperl_fini: done");
}


/*
 * Select and activate an appropriate Perl interpreter.
 */
static void
select_perl_context(bool trusted)
{
	Oid			user_id;
	plperl_interp_desc *interp_desc;
	bool		found;
	PerlInterpreter *interp = NULL;

	/* Find or create the interpreter hashtable entry for this userid */
	if (trusted)
		user_id = GetUserId();
	else
		user_id = InvalidOid;

	interp_desc = hash_search(plperl_interp_hash, &user_id,
							  HASH_ENTER,
							  &found);
	if (!found)
	{
		/* Initialize newly-created hashtable entry */
		interp_desc->interp = NULL;
		interp_desc->query_hash = NULL;
	}

	/* Make sure we have a query_hash for this interpreter */
	if (interp_desc->query_hash == NULL)
	{
		HASHCTL		hash_ctl;

		memset(&hash_ctl, 0, sizeof(hash_ctl));
		hash_ctl.keysize = NAMEDATALEN;
		hash_ctl.entrysize = sizeof(plperl_query_entry);
		interp_desc->query_hash = hash_create("PL/Perl queries",
											  32,
											  &hash_ctl,
											  HASH_ELEM);
	}

	/*
	 * Quick exit if already have an interpreter
	 */
	if (interp_desc->interp)
	{
		activate_interpreter(interp_desc);
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * adopt held interp if free, else create new one if possible
	 */
	if (plperl_held_interp != NULL)
	{
		/* first actual use of a perl interpreter */
		interp = plperl_held_interp;

		/*
		 * Reset the plperl_held_interp pointer first; if we fail during init
		 * we don't want to try again with the partially-initialized interp.
		 */
		plperl_held_interp = NULL;

		if (trusted)
			plperl_trusted_init();
		else
			plperl_untrusted_init();

		/* successfully initialized, so arrange for cleanup */
		on_proc_exit(plperl_fini, 0);
	}
	else
	{
#ifdef MULTIPLICITY

		/*
		 * plperl_init_interp will change Perl's idea of the active
		 * interpreter.  Reset plperl_active_interp temporarily, so that if we
		 * hit an error partway through here, we'll make sure to switch back
		 * to a non-broken interpreter before running any other Perl
		 * functions.
		 */
		plperl_active_interp = NULL;

		/* Now build the new interpreter */
		interp = plperl_init_interp();

		if (trusted)
			plperl_trusted_init();
		else
			plperl_untrusted_init();
#else
		elog(ERROR,
			 "cannot allocate multiple Perl interpreters on this platform");
#endif
	}

	set_interp_require(trusted);

	/*
	 * Since the timing of first use of PL/Perl can't be predicted, any
	 * database interaction during initialization is problematic. Including,
	 * but not limited to, security definer issues. So we only enable access
	 * to the database AFTER on_*_init code has run. See
	 * http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-hackers/2010-01/msg02669.php
	 */
	newXS("PostgreSQL::InServer::SPI::bootstrap",
		  boot_PostgreSQL__InServer__SPI, __FILE__);

	eval_pv("PostgreSQL::InServer::SPI::bootstrap()", FALSE);
	if (SvTRUE(ERRSV))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errmsg("%s", strip_trailing_ws(sv2cstr(ERRSV))),
		errcontext("while executing PostgreSQL::InServer::SPI::bootstrap")));

	/* Fully initialized, so mark the hashtable entry valid */
	interp_desc->interp = interp;

	/* And mark this as the active interpreter */
	plperl_active_interp = interp_desc;
}

/*
 * Make the specified interpreter the active one
 *
 * A call with NULL does nothing.  This is so that "restoring" to a previously
 * null state of plperl_active_interp doesn't result in useless thrashing.
 */
static void
activate_interpreter(plperl_interp_desc *interp_desc)
{
	if (interp_desc && plperl_active_interp != interp_desc)
	{
		Assert(interp_desc->interp);
		PERL_SET_CONTEXT(interp_desc->interp);
		/* trusted iff user_id isn't InvalidOid */
		set_interp_require(OidIsValid(interp_desc->user_id));
		plperl_active_interp = interp_desc;
	}
}

/*
 * Create a new Perl interpreter.
 *
 * We initialize the interpreter as far as we can without knowing whether
 * it will become a trusted or untrusted interpreter; in particular, the
 * plperl.on_init code will get executed.  Later, either plperl_trusted_init
 * or plperl_untrusted_init must be called to complete the initialization.
 */
static PerlInterpreter *
plperl_init_interp(void)
{
	PerlInterpreter *plperl;

	static char *embedding[3 + 2] = {
		"", "-e", PLC_PERLBOOT
	};
	int			nargs = 3;

#ifdef WIN32

	/*
	 * The perl library on startup does horrible things like call
	 * setlocale(LC_ALL,""). We have protected against that on most platforms
	 * by setting the environment appropriately. However, on Windows,
	 * setlocale() does not consult the environment, so we need to save the
	 * existing locale settings before perl has a chance to mangle them and
	 * restore them after its dirty deeds are done.
	 *
	 * MSDN ref:
	 * http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/vclib/html/_crt_locale.asp
	 *
	 * It appears that we only need to do this on interpreter startup, and
	 * subsequent calls to the interpreter don't mess with the locale
	 * settings.
	 *
	 * We restore them using setlocale_perl(), defined below, so that Perl
	 * doesn't have a different idea of the locale from Postgres.
	 *
	 */

	char	   *loc;
	char	   *save_collate,
			   *save_ctype,
			   *save_monetary,
			   *save_numeric,
			   *save_time;

	loc = setlocale(LC_COLLATE, NULL);
	save_collate = loc ? pstrdup(loc) : NULL;
	loc = setlocale(LC_CTYPE, NULL);
	save_ctype = loc ? pstrdup(loc) : NULL;
	loc = setlocale(LC_MONETARY, NULL);
	save_monetary = loc ? pstrdup(loc) : NULL;
	loc = setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, NULL);
	save_numeric = loc ? pstrdup(loc) : NULL;
	loc = setlocale(LC_TIME, NULL);
	save_time = loc ? pstrdup(loc) : NULL;

#define PLPERL_RESTORE_LOCALE(name, saved) \
	STMT_START { \
		if (saved != NULL) { setlocale_perl(name, saved); pfree(saved); } \
	} STMT_END
#endif   /* WIN32 */

	if (plperl_on_init && *plperl_on_init)
	{
		embedding[nargs++] = "-e";
		embedding[nargs++] = plperl_on_init;
	}

	/*
	 * The perl API docs state that PERL_SYS_INIT3 should be called before
	 * allocating interpreters. Unfortunately, on some platforms this fails in
	 * the Perl_do_taint() routine, which is called when the platform is using
	 * the system's malloc() instead of perl's own. Other platforms, notably
	 * Windows, fail if PERL_SYS_INIT3 is not called. So we call it if it's
	 * available, unless perl is using the system malloc(), which is true when
	 * MYMALLOC is set.
	 */
#if defined(PERL_SYS_INIT3) && !defined(MYMALLOC)
	{
		static int	perl_sys_init_done;

		/* only call this the first time through, as per perlembed man page */
		if (!perl_sys_init_done)
		{
			char	   *dummy_env[1] = {NULL};

			PERL_SYS_INIT3(&nargs, (char ***) &embedding, (char ***) &dummy_env);
			perl_sys_init_done = 1;
			/* quiet warning if PERL_SYS_INIT3 doesn't use the third argument */
			dummy_env[0] = NULL;
		}
	}
#endif

	plperl = perl_alloc();
	if (!plperl)
		elog(ERROR, "could not allocate Perl interpreter");

	PERL_SET_CONTEXT(plperl);
	perl_construct(plperl);

	/* run END blocks in perl_destruct instead of perl_run */
	PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;

	/*
	 * Record the original function for the 'require' and 'dofile' opcodes.
	 * (They share the same implementation.) Ensure it's used for new
	 * interpreters.
	 */
	if (!pp_require_orig)
		pp_require_orig = PL_ppaddr[OP_REQUIRE];
	else
	{
		PL_ppaddr[OP_REQUIRE] = pp_require_orig;
		PL_ppaddr[OP_DOFILE] = pp_require_orig;
	}

#ifdef PLPERL_ENABLE_OPMASK_EARLY

	/*
	 * For regression testing to prove that the PLC_PERLBOOT and PLC_TRUSTED
	 * code doesn't even compile any unsafe ops. In future there may be a
	 * valid need for them to do so, in which case this could be softened
	 * (perhaps moved to plperl_trusted_init()) or removed.
	 */
	PL_op_mask = plperl_opmask;
#endif

	if (perl_parse(plperl, plperl_init_shared_libs,
				   nargs, embedding, NULL) != 0)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errmsg("%s", strip_trailing_ws(sv2cstr(ERRSV))),
				 errcontext("while parsing Perl initialization")));

	if (perl_run(plperl) != 0)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errmsg("%s", strip_trailing_ws(sv2cstr(ERRSV))),
				 errcontext("while running Perl initialization")));

#ifdef PLPERL_RESTORE_LOCALE
	PLPERL_RESTORE_LOCALE(LC_COLLATE, save_collate);
	PLPERL_RESTORE_LOCALE(LC_CTYPE, save_ctype);
	PLPERL_RESTORE_LOCALE(LC_MONETARY, save_monetary);
	PLPERL_RESTORE_LOCALE(LC_NUMERIC, save_numeric);
	PLPERL_RESTORE_LOCALE(LC_TIME, save_time);
#endif

	return plperl;
}


/*
 * Our safe implementation of the require opcode.
 * This is safe because it's completely unable to load any code.
 * If the requested file/module has already been loaded it'll return true.
 * If not, it'll die.
 * So now "use Foo;" will work iff Foo has already been loaded.
 */
static OP  *
pp_require_safe(pTHX)
{
	dVAR;
	dSP;
	SV		   *sv,
			  **svp;
	char	   *name;
	STRLEN		len;

	sv = POPs;
	name = SvPV(sv, len);
	if (!(name && len > 0 && *name))
		RETPUSHNO;

	svp = hv_fetch(GvHVn(PL_incgv), name, len, 0);
	if (svp && *svp != &PL_sv_undef)
		RETPUSHYES;

	DIE(aTHX_ "Unable to load %s into plperl", name);
	return NULL;				/* keep compiler quiet */
}


/*
 * Destroy one Perl interpreter ... actually we just run END blocks.
 *
 * Caller must have ensured this interpreter is the active one.
 */
static void
plperl_destroy_interp(PerlInterpreter **interp)
{
	if (interp && *interp)
	{
		/*
		 * Only a very minimal destruction is performed: - just call END
		 * blocks.
		 *
		 * We could call perl_destruct() but we'd need to audit its actions
		 * very carefully and work-around any that impact us. (Calling
		 * sv_clean_objs() isn't an option because it's not part of perl's
		 * public API so isn't portably available.) Meanwhile END blocks can
		 * be used to perform manual cleanup.
		 */

		/* Run END blocks - based on perl's perl_destruct() */
		if (PL_exit_flags & PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END)
		{
			dJMPENV;
			int			x = 0;

			JMPENV_PUSH(x);
			PERL_UNUSED_VAR(x);
			if (PL_endav && !PL_minus_c)
				call_list(PL_scopestack_ix, PL_endav);
			JMPENV_POP;
		}
		LEAVE;
		FREETMPS;

		*interp = NULL;
	}
}

/*
 * Initialize the current Perl interpreter as a trusted interp
 */
static void
plperl_trusted_init(void)
{
	HV		   *stash;
	SV		   *sv;
	char	   *key;
	I32			klen;

	/* use original require while we set up */
	PL_ppaddr[OP_REQUIRE] = pp_require_orig;
	PL_ppaddr[OP_DOFILE] = pp_require_orig;

	eval_pv(PLC_TRUSTED, FALSE);
	if (SvTRUE(ERRSV))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errmsg("%s", strip_trailing_ws(sv2cstr(ERRSV))),
				 errcontext("while executing PLC_TRUSTED")));

	/*
	 * Force loading of utf8 module now to prevent errors that can arise from
	 * the regex code later trying to load utf8 modules. See
	 * http://rt.perl.org/rt3/Ticket/Display.html?id=47576
	 */
	eval_pv("my $a=chr(0x100); return $a =~ /\\xa9/i", FALSE);
	if (SvTRUE(ERRSV))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errmsg("%s", strip_trailing_ws(sv2cstr(ERRSV))),
				 errcontext("while executing utf8fix")));

	/*
	 * Lock down the interpreter
	 */

	/* switch to the safe require/dofile opcode for future code */
	PL_ppaddr[OP_REQUIRE] = pp_require_safe;
	PL_ppaddr[OP_DOFILE] = pp_require_safe;

	/*
	 * prevent (any more) unsafe opcodes being compiled PL_op_mask is per
	 * interpreter, so this only needs to be set once
	 */
	PL_op_mask = plperl_opmask;

	/* delete the DynaLoader:: namespace so extensions can't be loaded */
	stash = gv_stashpv("DynaLoader", GV_ADDWARN);
	hv_iterinit(stash);
	while ((sv = hv_iternextsv(stash, &key, &klen)))
	{
		if (!isGV_with_GP(sv) || !GvCV(sv))
			continue;
		SvREFCNT_dec(GvCV(sv)); /* free the CV */
		GvCV(sv) = NULL;		/* prevent call via GV */
	}
	hv_clear(stash);

	/* invalidate assorted caches */
	++PL_sub_generation;
	hv_clear(PL_stashcache);

	/*
	 * Execute plperl.on_plperl_init in the locked-down interpreter
	 */
	if (plperl_on_plperl_init && *plperl_on_plperl_init)
	{
		eval_pv(plperl_on_plperl_init, FALSE);
		if (SvTRUE(ERRSV))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errmsg("%s", strip_trailing_ws(sv2cstr(ERRSV))),
					 errcontext("while executing plperl.on_plperl_init")));

	}
}


/*
 * Initialize the current Perl interpreter as an untrusted interp
 */
static void
plperl_untrusted_init(void)
{
	/*
	 * Nothing to do except execute plperl.on_plperlu_init
	 */
	if (plperl_on_plperlu_init && *plperl_on_plperlu_init)
	{
		eval_pv(plperl_on_plperlu_init, FALSE);
		if (SvTRUE(ERRSV))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errmsg("%s", strip_trailing_ws(sv2cstr(ERRSV))),
					 errcontext("while executing plperl.on_plperlu_init")));
	}
}


/*
 * Perl likes to put a newline after its error messages; clean up such
 */
static char *
strip_trailing_ws(const char *msg)
{
	char	   *res = pstrdup(msg);
	int			len = strlen(res);

	while (len > 0 && isspace((unsigned char) res[len - 1]))
		res[--len] = '\0';
	return res;
}


/* Build a tuple from a hash. */

static HeapTuple
plperl_build_tuple_result(HV *perlhash, AttInMetadata *attinmeta)
{
	TupleDesc	td = attinmeta->tupdesc;
	Datum	   *values;
	bool	   *nulls;
	HE		   *he;
	HeapTuple	tup;

	values = palloc0(sizeof(Datum) * td->natts);
	nulls = palloc(sizeof(bool) * td->natts);
	memset(nulls, true, sizeof(bool) * td->natts);

	hv_iterinit(perlhash);
	while ((he = hv_iternext(perlhash)))
	{
		SV		   *val = HeVAL(he);
		char	   *key = hek2cstr(he);
		int			attn = SPI_fnumber(td, key);
		bool		isnull;

		if (attn <= 0 || td->attrs[attn - 1]->attisdropped)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
					 errmsg("Perl hash contains nonexistent column \"%s\"",
							key)));

		values[attn - 1] = plperl_sv_to_datum(val,
											  NULL,
											  td->attrs[attn - 1]->atttypid,
											  InvalidOid,
											  td->attrs[attn - 1]->atttypmod,
											  &isnull);
		nulls[attn - 1] = isnull;

		pfree(key);
	}
	hv_iterinit(perlhash);

	tup = heap_form_tuple(td, values, nulls);
	pfree(values);
	pfree(nulls);
	return tup;
}

/* convert a hash reference to a datum */
static Datum
plperl_hash_to_datum(SV *src, TupleDesc td)
{
	AttInMetadata *attinmeta = TupleDescGetAttInMetadata(td);
	HeapTuple	tup = plperl_build_tuple_result((HV *) SvRV(src), attinmeta);

	return HeapTupleGetDatum(tup);
}

/*
 * if we are an array ref return the reference. this is special in that if we
 * are a PostgreSQL::InServer::ARRAY object we will return the 'magic' array.
 */
static SV  *
get_perl_array_ref(SV *sv)
{
	if (SvOK(sv) && SvROK(sv))
	{
		if (SvTYPE(SvRV(sv)) == SVt_PVAV)
			return sv;
		else if (sv_isa(sv, "PostgreSQL::InServer::ARRAY"))
		{
			HV		   *hv = (HV *) SvRV(sv);
			SV		  **sav = hv_fetch_string(hv, "array");

			if (*sav && SvOK(*sav) && SvROK(*sav) &&
				SvTYPE(SvRV(*sav)) == SVt_PVAV)
				return *sav;

			elog(ERROR, "could not get array reference from PostgreSQL::InServer::ARRAY object");
		}
	}
	return NULL;
}

/*
 * helper function for plperl_array_to_datum, does the main recursing
 */
static ArrayBuildState *
_array_to_datum(AV *av, int *ndims, int *dims, int cur_depth,
				ArrayBuildState *astate, Oid typid, Oid atypid)
{
	int			i = 0;
	int			len = av_len(av) + 1;

	if (len == 0)
		astate = accumArrayResult(astate, (Datum) 0, true, atypid, NULL);

	for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
	{
		SV		  **svp = av_fetch(av, i, FALSE);
		SV		   *sav = svp ? get_perl_array_ref(*svp) : NULL;

		if (sav)
		{
			AV		   *nav = (AV *) SvRV(sav);

			if (cur_depth + 1 > MAXDIM)
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
						 errmsg("number of array dimensions (%d) exceeds the maximum allowed (%d)",
								cur_depth + 1, MAXDIM)));

			/* size based off the first element */
			if (i == 0 && *ndims == cur_depth)
			{
				dims[*ndims] = av_len(nav) + 1;
				(*ndims)++;
			}
			else
			{
				if (av_len(nav) + 1 != dims[cur_depth])
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
							 errmsg("multidimensional arrays must have array expressions with matching dimensions")));
			}

			astate = _array_to_datum(nav, ndims, dims, cur_depth + 1, astate,
									 typid, atypid);
		}
		else
		{
			bool		isnull;
			Datum		dat = plperl_sv_to_datum(svp ? *svp : NULL, NULL,
												 atypid, 0, -1, &isnull);

			astate = accumArrayResult(astate, dat, isnull, atypid, NULL);
		}
	}

	return astate;
}

/*
 * convert perl array ref to a datum
 */
static Datum
plperl_array_to_datum(SV *src, Oid typid)
{
	ArrayBuildState *astate = NULL;
	Oid			atypid;
	int			dims[MAXDIM];
	int			lbs[MAXDIM];
	int			ndims = 1;
	int			i;

	atypid = get_element_type(typid);
	if (!atypid)
		atypid = typid;

	memset(dims, 0, sizeof(dims));
	dims[0] = av_len((AV *) SvRV(src)) + 1;

	astate = _array_to_datum((AV *) SvRV(src), &ndims, dims, 1, astate, typid,
							 atypid);

	for (i = 0; i < ndims; i++)
		lbs[i] = 1;

	return makeMdArrayResult(astate, ndims, dims, lbs, CurrentMemoryContext, true);
}

static void
_sv_to_datum_finfo(FmgrInfo *fcinfo, Oid typid, Oid *typioparam)
{
	Oid			typinput;

	/* XXX would be better to cache these lookups */
	getTypeInputInfo(typid,
					 &typinput, typioparam);
	fmgr_info(typinput, fcinfo);
}

/*
 * convert a sv to datum
 * fcinfo and typioparam are optional and will be looked-up if needed
 */
static Datum
plperl_sv_to_datum(SV *sv, FmgrInfo *finfo, Oid typid, Oid typioparam,
				   int32 typmod, bool *isnull)
{
	FmgrInfo	tmp;

	/* we might recurse */
	check_stack_depth();

	if (isnull)
		*isnull = false;

	if (!sv || !SvOK(sv))
	{
		if (!finfo)
		{
			_sv_to_datum_finfo(&tmp, typid, &typioparam);
			finfo = &tmp;
		}
		if (isnull)
			*isnull = true;
		return InputFunctionCall(finfo, NULL, typioparam, typmod);
	}
	else if (SvROK(sv))
	{
		SV		   *sav = get_perl_array_ref(sv);

		if (sav)
		{
			return plperl_array_to_datum(sav, typid);
		}
		else if (SvTYPE(SvRV(sv)) == SVt_PVHV)
		{
			TupleDesc	td = lookup_rowtype_tupdesc(typid, typmod);
			Datum		ret = plperl_hash_to_datum(sv, td);

			ReleaseTupleDesc(td);
			return ret;
		}

		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
				 errmsg("PL/Perl function must return reference to hash or array")));
		return (Datum) 0;		/* shut up compiler */
	}
	else
	{
		Datum		ret;
		char	   *str = sv2cstr(sv);

		if (!finfo)
		{
			_sv_to_datum_finfo(&tmp, typid, &typioparam);
			finfo = &tmp;
		}

		ret = InputFunctionCall(finfo, str, typioparam, typmod);
		pfree(str);

		return ret;
	}
}

/* Convert the perl SV to a string returned by the type output function */
char *
plperl_sv_to_literal(SV *sv, char *fqtypename)
{
	Datum		str = CStringGetDatum(fqtypename);
	Oid			typid = DirectFunctionCall1(regtypein, str);
	Oid			typoutput;
	Datum		datum;
	bool		typisvarlena,
				isnull;

	if (!OidIsValid(typid))
		elog(ERROR, "lookup failed for type %s", fqtypename);

	datum = plperl_sv_to_datum(sv, NULL, typid, 0, -1, &isnull);

	if (isnull)
		return NULL;

	getTypeOutputInfo(typid,
					  &typoutput, &typisvarlena);

	return OidOutputFunctionCall(typoutput, datum);
}

/*
 * Convert PostgreSQL array datum to a perl array reference.
 *
 * typid is arg's OID, which must be an array type.
 */
static SV  *
plperl_ref_from_pg_array(Datum arg, Oid typid)
{
	ArrayType  *ar = DatumGetArrayTypeP(arg);
	Oid			elementtype = ARR_ELEMTYPE(ar);
	int16		typlen;
	bool		typbyval;
	char		typalign,
				typdelim;
	Oid			typioparam;
	Oid			typoutputfunc;
	int			i,
				nitems,
			   *dims;
	plperl_array_info *info;
	SV		   *av;
	HV		   *hv;

	info = palloc(sizeof(plperl_array_info));

	/* get element type information, including output conversion function */
	get_type_io_data(elementtype, IOFunc_output,
					 &typlen, &typbyval, &typalign,
					 &typdelim, &typioparam, &typoutputfunc);

	perm_fmgr_info(typoutputfunc, &info->proc);

	info->elem_is_rowtype = type_is_rowtype(elementtype);

	/* Get the number and bounds of array dimensions */
	info->ndims = ARR_NDIM(ar);
	dims = ARR_DIMS(ar);

	deconstruct_array(ar, elementtype, typlen, typbyval,
					  typalign, &info->elements, &info->nulls,
					  &nitems);

	/* Get total number of elements in each dimension */
	info->nelems = palloc(sizeof(int) * info->ndims);
	info->nelems[0] = nitems;
	for (i = 1; i < info->ndims; i++)
		info->nelems[i] = info->nelems[i - 1] / dims[i - 1];

	av = split_array(info, 0, nitems, 0);

	hv = newHV();
	(void) hv_store(hv, "array", 5, av, 0);
	(void) hv_store(hv, "typeoid", 7, newSViv(typid), 0);

	return sv_bless(newRV_noinc((SV *) hv),
					gv_stashpv("PostgreSQL::InServer::ARRAY", 0));
}

/*
 * Recursively form array references from splices of the initial array
 */
static SV  *
split_array(plperl_array_info *info, int first, int last, int nest)
{
	int			i;
	AV		   *result;

	/* since this function recurses, it could be driven to stack overflow */
	check_stack_depth();

	/*
	 * Base case, return a reference to a single-dimensional array
	 */
	if (nest >= info->ndims - 1)
		return make_array_ref(info, first, last);

	result = newAV();
	for (i = first; i < last; i += info->nelems[nest + 1])
	{
		/* Recursively form references to arrays of lower dimensions */
		SV		   *ref = split_array(info, i, i + info->nelems[nest + 1], nest + 1);

		av_push(result, ref);
	}
	return newRV_noinc((SV *) result);
}

/*
 * Create a Perl reference from a one-dimensional C array, converting
 * composite type elements to hash references.
 */
static SV  *
make_array_ref(plperl_array_info *info, int first, int last)
{
	int			i;
	AV		   *result = newAV();

	for (i = first; i < last; i++)
	{
		if (info->nulls[i])
			av_push(result, &PL_sv_undef);
		else
		{
			Datum		itemvalue = info->elements[i];

			/* Handle composite type elements */
			if (info->elem_is_rowtype)
				av_push(result, plperl_hash_from_datum(itemvalue));
			else
			{
				char	   *val = OutputFunctionCall(&info->proc, itemvalue);

				av_push(result, cstr2sv(val));
			}
		}
	}
	return newRV_noinc((SV *) result);
}

/* Set up the arguments for a trigger call. */
static SV  *
plperl_trigger_build_args(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo)
{
	TriggerData *tdata;
	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
	int			i;
	char	   *level;
	char	   *event;
	char	   *relid;
	char	   *when;
	HV		   *hv;

	hv = newHV();
	hv_ksplit(hv, 12);			/* pre-grow the hash */

	tdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
	tupdesc = tdata->tg_relation->rd_att;

	relid = DatumGetCString(
							DirectFunctionCall1(oidout,
								  ObjectIdGetDatum(tdata->tg_relation->rd_id)
												)
		);

	hv_store_string(hv, "name", cstr2sv(tdata->tg_trigger->tgname));
	hv_store_string(hv, "relid", cstr2sv(relid));

	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(tdata->tg_event))
	{
		event = "INSERT";
		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_FOR_ROW(tdata->tg_event))
			hv_store_string(hv, "new",
							plperl_hash_from_tuple(tdata->tg_trigtuple,
												   tupdesc));
	}
	else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(tdata->tg_event))
	{
		event = "DELETE";
		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_FOR_ROW(tdata->tg_event))
			hv_store_string(hv, "old",
							plperl_hash_from_tuple(tdata->tg_trigtuple,
												   tupdesc));
	}
	else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(tdata->tg_event))
	{
		event = "UPDATE";
		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_FOR_ROW(tdata->tg_event))
		{
			hv_store_string(hv, "old",
							plperl_hash_from_tuple(tdata->tg_trigtuple,
												   tupdesc));
			hv_store_string(hv, "new",
							plperl_hash_from_tuple(tdata->tg_newtuple,
												   tupdesc));
		}
	}
	else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(tdata->tg_event))
		event = "TRUNCATE";
	else
		event = "UNKNOWN";

	hv_store_string(hv, "event", cstr2sv(event));
	hv_store_string(hv, "argc", newSViv(tdata->tg_trigger->tgnargs));

	if (tdata->tg_trigger->tgnargs > 0)
	{
		AV		   *av = newAV();

		av_extend(av, tdata->tg_trigger->tgnargs);
		for (i = 0; i < tdata->tg_trigger->tgnargs; i++)
			av_push(av, cstr2sv(tdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[i]));
		hv_store_string(hv, "args", newRV_noinc((SV *) av));
	}

	hv_store_string(hv, "relname",
					cstr2sv(SPI_getrelname(tdata->tg_relation)));

	hv_store_string(hv, "table_name",
					cstr2sv(SPI_getrelname(tdata->tg_relation)));

	hv_store_string(hv, "table_schema",
					cstr2sv(SPI_getnspname(tdata->tg_relation)));

	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BEFORE(tdata->tg_event))
		when = "BEFORE";
	else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_AFTER(tdata->tg_event))
		when = "AFTER";
	else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_INSTEAD(tdata->tg_event))
		when = "INSTEAD OF";
	else
		when = "UNKNOWN";
	hv_store_string(hv, "when", cstr2sv(when));

	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_FOR_ROW(tdata->tg_event))
		level = "ROW";
	else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_FOR_STATEMENT(tdata->tg_event))
		level = "STATEMENT";
	else
		level = "UNKNOWN";
	hv_store_string(hv, "level", cstr2sv(level));

	return newRV_noinc((SV *) hv);
}


/* Set up the new tuple returned from a trigger. */

static HeapTuple
plperl_modify_tuple(HV *hvTD, TriggerData *tdata, HeapTuple otup)
{
	SV		  **svp;
	HV		   *hvNew;
	HE		   *he;
	HeapTuple	rtup;
	int			slotsused;
	int		   *modattrs;
	Datum	   *modvalues;
	char	   *modnulls;

	TupleDesc	tupdesc;

	tupdesc = tdata->tg_relation->rd_att;

	svp = hv_fetch_string(hvTD, "new");
	if (!svp)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
				 errmsg("$_TD->{new} does not exist")));
	if (!SvOK(*svp) || !SvROK(*svp) || SvTYPE(SvRV(*svp)) != SVt_PVHV)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
				 errmsg("$_TD->{new} is not a hash reference")));
	hvNew = (HV *) SvRV(*svp);

	modattrs = palloc(tupdesc->natts * sizeof(int));
	modvalues = palloc(tupdesc->natts * sizeof(Datum));
	modnulls = palloc(tupdesc->natts * sizeof(char));
	slotsused = 0;

	hv_iterinit(hvNew);
	while ((he = hv_iternext(hvNew)))
	{
		bool		isnull;
		char	   *key = hek2cstr(he);
		SV		   *val = HeVAL(he);
		int			attn = SPI_fnumber(tupdesc, key);

		if (attn <= 0 || tupdesc->attrs[attn - 1]->attisdropped)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
					 errmsg("Perl hash contains nonexistent column \"%s\"",
							key)));

		modvalues[slotsused] = plperl_sv_to_datum(val,
												  NULL,
										  tupdesc->attrs[attn - 1]->atttypid,
												  InvalidOid,
										 tupdesc->attrs[attn - 1]->atttypmod,
												  &isnull);

		modnulls[slotsused] = isnull ? 'n' : ' ';
		modattrs[slotsused] = attn;
		slotsused++;

		pfree(key);
	}
	hv_iterinit(hvNew);

	rtup = SPI_modifytuple(tdata->tg_relation, otup, slotsused,
						   modattrs, modvalues, modnulls);

	pfree(modattrs);
	pfree(modvalues);
	pfree(modnulls);

	if (rtup == NULL)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_modifytuple failed: %s",
			 SPI_result_code_string(SPI_result));

	return rtup;
}


/*
 * There are three externally visible pieces to plperl: plperl_call_handler,
 * plperl_inline_handler, and plperl_validator.
 */

/*
 * The call handler is called to run normal functions (including trigger
 * functions) that are defined in pg_proc.
 */
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(plperl_call_handler);

Datum
plperl_call_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	Datum		retval;
	plperl_call_data *save_call_data = current_call_data;
	plperl_interp_desc *oldinterp = plperl_active_interp;

	PG_TRY();
	{
		if (CALLED_AS_TRIGGER(fcinfo))
			retval = PointerGetDatum(plperl_trigger_handler(fcinfo));
		else
			retval = plperl_func_handler(fcinfo);
	}
	PG_CATCH();
	{
		current_call_data = save_call_data;
		activate_interpreter(oldinterp);
		PG_RE_THROW();
	}
	PG_END_TRY();

	current_call_data = save_call_data;
	activate_interpreter(oldinterp);
	return retval;
}

/*
 * The inline handler runs anonymous code blocks (DO blocks).
 */
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(plperl_inline_handler);

Datum
plperl_inline_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	InlineCodeBlock *codeblock = (InlineCodeBlock *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
	FunctionCallInfoData fake_fcinfo;
	FmgrInfo	flinfo;
	plperl_proc_desc desc;
	plperl_call_data *save_call_data = current_call_data;
	plperl_interp_desc *oldinterp = plperl_active_interp;
	ErrorContextCallback pl_error_context;

	/* Set up a callback for error reporting */
	pl_error_context.callback = plperl_inline_callback;
	pl_error_context.previous = error_context_stack;
	pl_error_context.arg = (Datum) 0;
	error_context_stack = &pl_error_context;

	/*
	 * Set up a fake fcinfo and descriptor with just enough info to satisfy
	 * plperl_call_perl_func().  In particular note that this sets things up
	 * with no arguments passed, and a result type of VOID.
	 */
	MemSet(&fake_fcinfo, 0, sizeof(fake_fcinfo));
	MemSet(&flinfo, 0, sizeof(flinfo));
	MemSet(&desc, 0, sizeof(desc));
	fake_fcinfo.flinfo = &flinfo;
	flinfo.fn_oid = InvalidOid;
	flinfo.fn_mcxt = CurrentMemoryContext;

	desc.proname = "inline_code_block";
	desc.fn_readonly = false;

	desc.lanpltrusted = codeblock->langIsTrusted;

	desc.fn_retistuple = false;
	desc.fn_retisset = false;
	desc.fn_retisarray = false;
	desc.result_oid = VOIDOID;
	desc.nargs = 0;
	desc.reference = NULL;

	current_call_data = (plperl_call_data *) palloc0(sizeof(plperl_call_data));
	current_call_data->fcinfo = &fake_fcinfo;
	current_call_data->prodesc = &desc;

	PG_TRY();
	{
		SV		   *perlret;

		if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
			elog(ERROR, "could not connect to SPI manager");

		select_perl_context(desc.lanpltrusted);

		plperl_create_sub(&desc, codeblock->source_text, 0);

		if (!desc.reference)	/* can this happen? */
			elog(ERROR, "could not create internal procedure for anonymous code block");

		perlret = plperl_call_perl_func(&desc, &fake_fcinfo);

		SvREFCNT_dec(perlret);

		if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
			elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish() failed");
	}
	PG_CATCH();
	{
		if (desc.reference)
			SvREFCNT_dec(desc.reference);
		current_call_data = save_call_data;
		activate_interpreter(oldinterp);
		PG_RE_THROW();
	}
	PG_END_TRY();

	if (desc.reference)
		SvREFCNT_dec(desc.reference);

	current_call_data = save_call_data;
	activate_interpreter(oldinterp);

	error_context_stack = pl_error_context.previous;

	PG_RETURN_VOID();
}

/*
 * The validator is called during CREATE FUNCTION to validate the function
 * being created/replaced. The precise behavior of the validator may be
 * modified by the check_function_bodies GUC.
 */
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(plperl_validator);

Datum
plperl_validator(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	Oid			funcoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
	HeapTuple	tuple;
	Form_pg_proc proc;
	char		functyptype;
	int			numargs;
	Oid		   *argtypes;
	char	  **argnames;
	char	   *argmodes;
	bool		istrigger = false;
	int			i;

	/* Get the new function's pg_proc entry */
	tuple = SearchSysCache1(PROCOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(funcoid));
	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for function %u", funcoid);
	proc = (Form_pg_proc) GETSTRUCT(tuple);

	functyptype = get_typtype(proc->prorettype);

	/* Disallow pseudotype result */
	/* except for TRIGGER, RECORD, or VOID */
	if (functyptype == TYPTYPE_PSEUDO)
	{
		/* we assume OPAQUE with no arguments means a trigger */
		if (proc->prorettype == TRIGGEROID ||
			(proc->prorettype == OPAQUEOID && proc->pronargs == 0))
			istrigger = true;
		else if (proc->prorettype != RECORDOID &&
				 proc->prorettype != VOIDOID)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("PL/Perl functions cannot return type %s",
							format_type_be(proc->prorettype))));
	}

	/* Disallow pseudotypes in arguments (either IN or OUT) */
	numargs = get_func_arg_info(tuple,
								&argtypes, &argnames, &argmodes);
	for (i = 0; i < numargs; i++)
	{
		if (get_typtype(argtypes[i]) == TYPTYPE_PSEUDO &&
			argtypes[i] != RECORDOID)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("PL/Perl functions cannot accept type %s",
							format_type_be(argtypes[i]))));
	}

	ReleaseSysCache(tuple);

	/* Postpone body checks if !check_function_bodies */
	if (check_function_bodies)
	{
		(void) compile_plperl_function(funcoid, istrigger);
	}

	/* the result of a validator is ignored */
	PG_RETURN_VOID();
}


/*
 * Uses mksafefunc/mkunsafefunc to create a subroutine whose text is
 * supplied in s, and returns a reference to it
 */
static void
plperl_create_sub(plperl_proc_desc *prodesc, char *s, Oid fn_oid)
{
	dSP;
	char		subname[NAMEDATALEN + 40];
	HV		   *pragma_hv = newHV();
	SV		   *subref = NULL;
	int			count;

	sprintf(subname, "%s__%u", prodesc->proname, fn_oid);

	if (plperl_use_strict)
		hv_store_string(pragma_hv, "strict", (SV *) newAV());

	ENTER;
	SAVETMPS;
	PUSHMARK(SP);
	EXTEND(SP, 4);
	PUSHs(sv_2mortal(cstr2sv(subname)));
	PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newRV_noinc((SV *) pragma_hv)));

	/*
	 * Use 'false' for $prolog in mkfunc, which is kept for compatibility in
	 * case a module such as PostgreSQL::PLPerl::NYTprof replaces the function
	 * compiler.
	 */
	PUSHs(&PL_sv_no);
	PUSHs(sv_2mortal(cstr2sv(s)));
	PUTBACK;

	/*
	 * G_KEEPERR seems to be needed here, else we don't recognize compile
	 * errors properly.  Perhaps it's because there's another level of eval
	 * inside mksafefunc?
	 */
	count = perl_call_pv("PostgreSQL::InServer::mkfunc",
						 G_SCALAR | G_EVAL | G_KEEPERR);
	SPAGAIN;

	if (count == 1)
	{
		SV		   *sub_rv = (SV *) POPs;

		if (sub_rv && SvROK(sub_rv) && SvTYPE(SvRV(sub_rv)) == SVt_PVCV)
		{
			subref = newRV_inc(SvRV(sub_rv));
		}
	}

	PUTBACK;
	FREETMPS;
	LEAVE;

	if (SvTRUE(ERRSV))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
				 errmsg("%s", strip_trailing_ws(sv2cstr(ERRSV)))));

	if (!subref)
		ereport(ERROR,
		(errmsg("didn't get a CODE reference from compiling function \"%s\"",
				prodesc->proname)));

	prodesc->reference = subref;

	return;
}


/**********************************************************************
 * plperl_init_shared_libs()		-
 **********************************************************************/

static void
plperl_init_shared_libs(pTHX)
{
	char	   *file = __FILE__;

	newXS("DynaLoader::boot_DynaLoader", boot_DynaLoader, file);
	newXS("PostgreSQL::InServer::Util::bootstrap",
		  boot_PostgreSQL__InServer__Util, file);
	/* newXS for...::SPI::bootstrap is in select_perl_context() */
}


static SV  *
plperl_call_perl_func(plperl_proc_desc *desc, FunctionCallInfo fcinfo)
{
	dSP;
	SV		   *retval;
	int			i;
	int			count;

	ENTER;
	SAVETMPS;

	PUSHMARK(SP);
	EXTEND(sp, desc->nargs);

	for (i = 0; i < desc->nargs; i++)
	{
		if (fcinfo->argnull[i])
			PUSHs(&PL_sv_undef);
		else if (desc->arg_is_rowtype[i])
		{
			SV		   *sv = plperl_hash_from_datum(fcinfo->arg[i]);

			PUSHs(sv_2mortal(sv));
		}
		else
		{
			SV		   *sv;

			if (OidIsValid(desc->arg_arraytype[i]))
				sv = plperl_ref_from_pg_array(fcinfo->arg[i], desc->arg_arraytype[i]);
			else
			{
				char	   *tmp;

				tmp = OutputFunctionCall(&(desc->arg_out_func[i]),
										 fcinfo->arg[i]);
				sv = cstr2sv(tmp);
				pfree(tmp);
			}

			PUSHs(sv_2mortal(sv));
		}
	}
	PUTBACK;

	/* Do NOT use G_KEEPERR here */
	count = perl_call_sv(desc->reference, G_SCALAR | G_EVAL);

	SPAGAIN;

	if (count != 1)
	{
		PUTBACK;
		FREETMPS;
		LEAVE;
		elog(ERROR, "didn't get a return item from function");
	}

	if (SvTRUE(ERRSV))
	{
		(void) POPs;
		PUTBACK;
		FREETMPS;
		LEAVE;
		/* XXX need to find a way to assign an errcode here */
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errmsg("%s", strip_trailing_ws(sv2cstr(ERRSV)))));
	}

	retval = newSVsv(POPs);

	PUTBACK;
	FREETMPS;
	LEAVE;

	return retval;
}


static SV  *
plperl_call_perl_trigger_func(plperl_proc_desc *desc, FunctionCallInfo fcinfo,
							  SV *td)
{
	dSP;
	SV		   *retval,
			   *TDsv;
	int			i,
				count;
	Trigger    *tg_trigger = ((TriggerData *) fcinfo->context)->tg_trigger;

	ENTER;
	SAVETMPS;

	TDsv = get_sv("_TD", GV_ADD);
	SAVESPTR(TDsv);				/* local $_TD */
	sv_setsv(TDsv, td);

	PUSHMARK(sp);
	EXTEND(sp, tg_trigger->tgnargs);

	for (i = 0; i < tg_trigger->tgnargs; i++)
		PUSHs(sv_2mortal(cstr2sv(tg_trigger->tgargs[i])));
	PUTBACK;

	/* Do NOT use G_KEEPERR here */
	count = perl_call_sv(desc->reference, G_SCALAR | G_EVAL);

	SPAGAIN;

	if (count != 1)
	{
		PUTBACK;
		FREETMPS;
		LEAVE;
		elog(ERROR, "didn't get a return item from trigger function");
	}

	if (SvTRUE(ERRSV))
	{
		(void) POPs;
		PUTBACK;
		FREETMPS;
		LEAVE;
		/* XXX need to find a way to assign an errcode here */
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errmsg("%s", strip_trailing_ws(sv2cstr(ERRSV)))));
	}

	retval = newSVsv(POPs);

	PUTBACK;
	FREETMPS;
	LEAVE;

	return retval;
}


static Datum
plperl_func_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	plperl_proc_desc *prodesc;
	SV		   *perlret;
	Datum		retval = 0;
	ReturnSetInfo *rsi;
	ErrorContextCallback pl_error_context;
	bool		has_retval = false;

	/*
	 * Create the call_data beforing connecting to SPI, so that it is not
	 * allocated in the SPI memory context
	 */
	current_call_data = (plperl_call_data *) palloc0(sizeof(plperl_call_data));
	current_call_data->fcinfo = fcinfo;

	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
		elog(ERROR, "could not connect to SPI manager");

	prodesc = compile_plperl_function(fcinfo->flinfo->fn_oid, false);
	current_call_data->prodesc = prodesc;

	/* Set a callback for error reporting */
	pl_error_context.callback = plperl_exec_callback;
	pl_error_context.previous = error_context_stack;
	pl_error_context.arg = prodesc->proname;
	error_context_stack = &pl_error_context;

	rsi = (ReturnSetInfo *) fcinfo->resultinfo;

	if (prodesc->fn_retisset)
	{
		/* Check context before allowing the call to go through */
		if (!rsi || !IsA(rsi, ReturnSetInfo) ||
			(rsi->allowedModes & SFRM_Materialize) == 0 ||
			rsi->expectedDesc == NULL)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("set-valued function called in context that "
							"cannot accept a set")));
	}

	activate_interpreter(prodesc->interp);

	perlret = plperl_call_perl_func(prodesc, fcinfo);

	/************************************************************
	 * Disconnect from SPI manager and then create the return
	 * values datum (if the input function does a palloc for it
	 * this must not be allocated in the SPI memory context
	 * because SPI_finish would free it).
	 ************************************************************/
	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish() failed");

	if (prodesc->fn_retisset)
	{
		SV		   *sav;

		/*
		 * If the Perl function returned an arrayref, we pretend that it
		 * called return_next() for each element of the array, to handle old
		 * SRFs that didn't know about return_next(). Any other sort of return
		 * value is an error, except undef which means return an empty set.
		 */
		sav = get_perl_array_ref(perlret);
		if (sav)
		{
			int			i = 0;
			SV		  **svp = 0;
			AV		   *rav = (AV *) SvRV(sav);

			while ((svp = av_fetch(rav, i, FALSE)) != NULL)
			{
				plperl_return_next(*svp);
				i++;
			}
		}
		else if (SvOK(perlret))
		{
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
					 errmsg("set-returning PL/Perl function must return "
							"reference to array or use return_next")));
		}

		rsi->returnMode = SFRM_Materialize;
		if (current_call_data->tuple_store)
		{
			rsi->setResult = current_call_data->tuple_store;
			rsi->setDesc = current_call_data->ret_tdesc;
		}
		retval = (Datum) 0;
		has_retval = true;
	}
	else if (!SvOK(perlret))
	{
		/* Return NULL if Perl code returned undef */
		if (rsi && IsA(rsi, ReturnSetInfo))
			rsi->isDone = ExprEndResult;
	}
	else if (prodesc->fn_retistuple)
	{
		/* Return a perl hash converted to a Datum */
		TupleDesc	td;

		if (!SvOK(perlret) || !SvROK(perlret) ||
			SvTYPE(SvRV(perlret)) != SVt_PVHV)
		{
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
					 errmsg("composite-returning PL/Perl function "
							"must return reference to hash")));
		}

		/* XXX should cache the attinmeta data instead of recomputing */
		if (get_call_result_type(fcinfo, NULL, &td) != TYPEFUNC_COMPOSITE)
		{
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("function returning record called in context "
							"that cannot accept type record")));
		}

		retval = plperl_hash_to_datum(perlret, td);
		has_retval = true;
	}

	if (!has_retval)
	{
		bool		isnull;

		retval = plperl_sv_to_datum(perlret,
									&prodesc->result_in_func,
									prodesc->result_oid,
									prodesc->result_typioparam, -1, &isnull);
		fcinfo->isnull = isnull;
		has_retval = true;
	}

	/* Restore the previous error callback */
	error_context_stack = pl_error_context.previous;

	SvREFCNT_dec(perlret);

	return retval;
}


static Datum
plperl_trigger_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	plperl_proc_desc *prodesc;
	SV		   *perlret;
	Datum		retval;
	SV		   *svTD;
	HV		   *hvTD;
	ErrorContextCallback pl_error_context;

	/*
	 * Create the call_data beforing connecting to SPI, so that it is not
	 * allocated in the SPI memory context
	 */
	current_call_data = (plperl_call_data *) palloc0(sizeof(plperl_call_data));
	current_call_data->fcinfo = fcinfo;

	/* Connect to SPI manager */
	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
		elog(ERROR, "could not connect to SPI manager");

	/* Find or compile the function */
	prodesc = compile_plperl_function(fcinfo->flinfo->fn_oid, true);
	current_call_data->prodesc = prodesc;

	/* Set a callback for error reporting */
	pl_error_context.callback = plperl_exec_callback;
	pl_error_context.previous = error_context_stack;
	pl_error_context.arg = prodesc->proname;
	error_context_stack = &pl_error_context;

	activate_interpreter(prodesc->interp);

	svTD = plperl_trigger_build_args(fcinfo);
	perlret = plperl_call_perl_trigger_func(prodesc, fcinfo, svTD);
	hvTD = (HV *) SvRV(svTD);

	/************************************************************
	* Disconnect from SPI manager and then create the return
	* values datum (if the input function does a palloc for it
	* this must not be allocated in the SPI memory context
	* because SPI_finish would free it).
	************************************************************/
	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish() failed");

	if (perlret == NULL || !SvOK(perlret))
	{
		/* undef result means go ahead with original tuple */
		TriggerData *trigdata = ((TriggerData *) fcinfo->context);

		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
			retval = (Datum) trigdata->tg_trigtuple;
		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
			retval = (Datum) trigdata->tg_newtuple;
		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
			retval = (Datum) trigdata->tg_trigtuple;
		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
			retval = (Datum) trigdata->tg_trigtuple;
		else
			retval = (Datum) 0; /* can this happen? */
	}
	else
	{
		HeapTuple	trv;
		char	   *tmp;

		tmp = sv2cstr(perlret);

		if (pg_strcasecmp(tmp, "SKIP") == 0)
			trv = NULL;
		else if (pg_strcasecmp(tmp, "MODIFY") == 0)
		{
			TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;

			if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
				trv = plperl_modify_tuple(hvTD, trigdata,
										  trigdata->tg_trigtuple);
			else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
				trv = plperl_modify_tuple(hvTD, trigdata,
										  trigdata->tg_newtuple);
			else
			{
				ereport(WARNING,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_E_R_I_E_TRIGGER_PROTOCOL_VIOLATED),
						 errmsg("ignoring modified row in DELETE trigger")));
				trv = NULL;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_E_R_I_E_TRIGGER_PROTOCOL_VIOLATED),
				  errmsg("result of PL/Perl trigger function must be undef, "
						 "\"SKIP\", or \"MODIFY\"")));
			trv = NULL;
		}
		retval = PointerGetDatum(trv);
		pfree(tmp);
	}

	/* Restore the previous error callback */
	error_context_stack = pl_error_context.previous;

	SvREFCNT_dec(svTD);
	if (perlret)
		SvREFCNT_dec(perlret);

	return retval;
}


static bool
validate_plperl_function(plperl_proc_ptr *proc_ptr, HeapTuple procTup)
{
	if (proc_ptr && proc_ptr->proc_ptr)
	{
		plperl_proc_desc *prodesc = proc_ptr->proc_ptr;
		bool		uptodate;

		/************************************************************
		 * If it's present, must check whether it's still up to date.
		 * This is needed because CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION can modify the
		 * function's pg_proc entry without changing its OID.
		 ************************************************************/
		uptodate = (prodesc->fn_xmin == HeapTupleHeaderGetXmin(procTup->t_data) &&
					ItemPointerEquals(&prodesc->fn_tid, &procTup->t_self));

		if (uptodate)
			return true;

		/* Otherwise, unlink the obsoleted entry from the hashtable ... */
		proc_ptr->proc_ptr = NULL;
		/* ... and throw it away */
		if (prodesc->reference)
		{
			plperl_interp_desc *oldinterp = plperl_active_interp;

			activate_interpreter(prodesc->interp);
			SvREFCNT_dec(prodesc->reference);
			activate_interpreter(oldinterp);
		}
		free(prodesc->proname);
		free(prodesc);
	}

	return false;
}


static plperl_proc_desc *
compile_plperl_function(Oid fn_oid, bool is_trigger)
{
	HeapTuple	procTup;
	Form_pg_proc procStruct;
	plperl_proc_key proc_key;
	plperl_proc_ptr *proc_ptr;
	plperl_proc_desc *prodesc = NULL;
	int			i;
	plperl_interp_desc *oldinterp = plperl_active_interp;
	ErrorContextCallback plperl_error_context;

	/* We'll need the pg_proc tuple in any case... */
	procTup = SearchSysCache1(PROCOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(fn_oid));
	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(procTup))
		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for function %u", fn_oid);
	procStruct = (Form_pg_proc) GETSTRUCT(procTup);

	/* Set a callback for reporting compilation errors */
	plperl_error_context.callback = plperl_compile_callback;
	plperl_error_context.previous = error_context_stack;
	plperl_error_context.arg = NameStr(procStruct->proname);
	error_context_stack = &plperl_error_context;

	/* Try to find function in plperl_proc_hash */
	proc_key.proc_id = fn_oid;
	proc_key.is_trigger = is_trigger;
	proc_key.user_id = GetUserId();

	proc_ptr = hash_search(plperl_proc_hash, &proc_key,
						   HASH_FIND, NULL);

	if (validate_plperl_function(proc_ptr, procTup))
		prodesc = proc_ptr->proc_ptr;
	else
	{
		/* If not found or obsolete, maybe it's plperlu */
		proc_key.user_id = InvalidOid;
		proc_ptr = hash_search(plperl_proc_hash, &proc_key,
							   HASH_FIND, NULL);
		if (validate_plperl_function(proc_ptr, procTup))
			prodesc = proc_ptr->proc_ptr;
	}

	/************************************************************
	 * If we haven't found it in the hashtable, we analyze
	 * the function's arguments and return type and store
	 * the in-/out-functions in the prodesc block and create
	 * a new hashtable entry for it.
	 *
	 * Then we load the procedure into the Perl interpreter.
	 ************************************************************/
	if (prodesc == NULL)
	{
		HeapTuple	langTup;
		HeapTuple	typeTup;
		Form_pg_language langStruct;
		Form_pg_type typeStruct;
		Datum		prosrcdatum;
		bool		isnull;
		char	   *proc_source;

		/************************************************************
		 * Allocate a new procedure description block
		 ************************************************************/
		prodesc = (plperl_proc_desc *) malloc(sizeof(plperl_proc_desc));
		if (prodesc == NULL)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
					 errmsg("out of memory")));
		MemSet(prodesc, 0, sizeof(plperl_proc_desc));
		prodesc->proname = strdup(NameStr(procStruct->proname));
		if (prodesc->proname == NULL)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
					 errmsg("out of memory")));
		prodesc->fn_xmin = HeapTupleHeaderGetXmin(procTup->t_data);
		prodesc->fn_tid = procTup->t_self;

		/* Remember if function is STABLE/IMMUTABLE */
		prodesc->fn_readonly =
			(procStruct->provolatile != PROVOLATILE_VOLATILE);

		/************************************************************
		 * Lookup the pg_language tuple by Oid
		 ************************************************************/
		langTup = SearchSysCache1(LANGOID,
								  ObjectIdGetDatum(procStruct->prolang));
		if (!HeapTupleIsValid(langTup))
		{
			free(prodesc->proname);
			free(prodesc);
			elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for language %u",
				 procStruct->prolang);
		}
		langStruct = (Form_pg_language) GETSTRUCT(langTup);
		prodesc->lanpltrusted = langStruct->lanpltrusted;
		ReleaseSysCache(langTup);

		/************************************************************
		 * Get the required information for input conversion of the
		 * return value.
		 ************************************************************/
		if (!is_trigger)
		{
			typeTup =
				SearchSysCache1(TYPEOID,
								ObjectIdGetDatum(procStruct->prorettype));
			if (!HeapTupleIsValid(typeTup))
			{
				free(prodesc->proname);
				free(prodesc);
				elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u",
					 procStruct->prorettype);
			}
			typeStruct = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(typeTup);

			/* Disallow pseudotype result, except VOID or RECORD */
			if (typeStruct->typtype == TYPTYPE_PSEUDO)
			{
				if (procStruct->prorettype == VOIDOID ||
					procStruct->prorettype == RECORDOID)
					 /* okay */ ;
				else if (procStruct->prorettype == TRIGGEROID)
				{
					free(prodesc->proname);
					free(prodesc);
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
							 errmsg("trigger functions can only be called "
									"as triggers")));
				}
				else
				{
					free(prodesc->proname);
					free(prodesc);
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
							 errmsg("PL/Perl functions cannot return type %s",
									format_type_be(procStruct->prorettype))));
				}
			}

			prodesc->result_oid = procStruct->prorettype;
			prodesc->fn_retisset = procStruct->proretset;
			prodesc->fn_retistuple = (procStruct->prorettype == RECORDOID ||
								   typeStruct->typtype == TYPTYPE_COMPOSITE);

			prodesc->fn_retisarray =
				(typeStruct->typlen == -1 && typeStruct->typelem);

			perm_fmgr_info(typeStruct->typinput, &(prodesc->result_in_func));
			prodesc->result_typioparam = getTypeIOParam(typeTup);

			ReleaseSysCache(typeTup);
		}

		/************************************************************
		 * Get the required information for output conversion
		 * of all procedure arguments
		 ************************************************************/
		if (!is_trigger)
		{
			prodesc->nargs = procStruct->pronargs;
			for (i = 0; i < prodesc->nargs; i++)
			{
				typeTup = SearchSysCache1(TYPEOID,
						ObjectIdGetDatum(procStruct->proargtypes.values[i]));
				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(typeTup))
				{
					free(prodesc->proname);
					free(prodesc);
					elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u",
						 procStruct->proargtypes.values[i]);
				}
				typeStruct = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(typeTup);

				/* Disallow pseudotype argument */
				if (typeStruct->typtype == TYPTYPE_PSEUDO &&
					procStruct->proargtypes.values[i] != RECORDOID)
				{
					free(prodesc->proname);
					free(prodesc);
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
							 errmsg("PL/Perl functions cannot accept type %s",
						format_type_be(procStruct->proargtypes.values[i]))));
				}

				if (typeStruct->typtype == TYPTYPE_COMPOSITE ||
					procStruct->proargtypes.values[i] == RECORDOID)
					prodesc->arg_is_rowtype[i] = true;
				else
				{
					prodesc->arg_is_rowtype[i] = false;
					perm_fmgr_info(typeStruct->typoutput,
								   &(prodesc->arg_out_func[i]));
				}

				/* Identify array attributes */
				if (typeStruct->typelem != 0 && typeStruct->typlen == -1)
					prodesc->arg_arraytype[i] = procStruct->proargtypes.values[i];
				else
					prodesc->arg_arraytype[i] = InvalidOid;

				ReleaseSysCache(typeTup);
			}
		}

		/************************************************************
		 * create the text of the anonymous subroutine.
		 * we do not use a named subroutine so that we can call directly
		 * through the reference.
		 ************************************************************/
		prosrcdatum = SysCacheGetAttr(PROCOID, procTup,
									  Anum_pg_proc_prosrc, &isnull);
		if (isnull)
			elog(ERROR, "null prosrc");
		proc_source = TextDatumGetCString(prosrcdatum);

		/************************************************************
		 * Create the procedure in the appropriate interpreter
		 ************************************************************/

		select_perl_context(prodesc->lanpltrusted);

		prodesc->interp = plperl_active_interp;

		plperl_create_sub(prodesc, proc_source, fn_oid);

		activate_interpreter(oldinterp);

		pfree(proc_source);
		if (!prodesc->reference)	/* can this happen? */
		{
			free(prodesc->proname);
			free(prodesc);
			elog(ERROR, "could not create PL/Perl internal procedure");
		}

		/************************************************************
		 * OK, link the procedure into the correct hashtable entry
		 ************************************************************/
		proc_key.user_id = prodesc->lanpltrusted ? GetUserId() : InvalidOid;

		proc_ptr = hash_search(plperl_proc_hash, &proc_key,
							   HASH_ENTER, NULL);
		proc_ptr->proc_ptr = prodesc;
	}

	/* restore previous error callback */
	error_context_stack = plperl_error_context.previous;

	ReleaseSysCache(procTup);

	return prodesc;
}

/* Build a hash from a given composite/row datum */
static SV  *
plperl_hash_from_datum(Datum attr)
{
	HeapTupleHeader td;
	Oid			tupType;
	int32		tupTypmod;
	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
	HeapTupleData tmptup;
	SV		   *sv;

	td = DatumGetHeapTupleHeader(attr);

	/* Extract rowtype info and find a tupdesc */
	tupType = HeapTupleHeaderGetTypeId(td);
	tupTypmod = HeapTupleHeaderGetTypMod(td);
	tupdesc = lookup_rowtype_tupdesc(tupType, tupTypmod);

	/* Build a temporary HeapTuple control structure */
	tmptup.t_len = HeapTupleHeaderGetDatumLength(td);
	tmptup.t_data = td;

	sv = plperl_hash_from_tuple(&tmptup, tupdesc);
	ReleaseTupleDesc(tupdesc);

	return sv;
}

/* Build a hash from all attributes of a given tuple. */
static SV  *
plperl_hash_from_tuple(HeapTuple tuple, TupleDesc tupdesc)
{
	HV		   *hv;
	int			i;

	/* since this function recurses, it could be driven to stack overflow */
	check_stack_depth();

	hv = newHV();
	hv_ksplit(hv, tupdesc->natts);		/* pre-grow the hash */

	for (i = 0; i < tupdesc->natts; i++)
	{
		Datum		attr;
		bool		isnull,
					typisvarlena;
		char	   *attname;
		Oid			typoutput;

		if (tupdesc->attrs[i]->attisdropped)
			continue;

		attname = NameStr(tupdesc->attrs[i]->attname);
		attr = heap_getattr(tuple, i + 1, tupdesc, &isnull);

		if (isnull)
		{
			/* Store (attname => undef) and move on. */
			hv_store_string(hv, attname, &PL_sv_undef);
			continue;
		}

		if (type_is_rowtype(tupdesc->attrs[i]->atttypid))
		{
			SV		   *sv = plperl_hash_from_datum(attr);

			hv_store_string(hv, attname, sv);
		}
		else
		{
			SV		   *sv;

			if (OidIsValid(get_base_element_type(tupdesc->attrs[i]->atttypid)))
				sv = plperl_ref_from_pg_array(attr, tupdesc->attrs[i]->atttypid);
			else
			{
				char	   *outputstr;

				/* XXX should have a way to cache these lookups */
				getTypeOutputInfo(tupdesc->attrs[i]->atttypid,
								  &typoutput, &typisvarlena);

				outputstr = OidOutputFunctionCall(typoutput, attr);
				sv = cstr2sv(outputstr);
				pfree(outputstr);
			}

			hv_store_string(hv, attname, sv);
		}
	}
	return newRV_noinc((SV *) hv);
}


static void
check_spi_usage_allowed()
{
	/* see comment in plperl_fini() */
	if (plperl_ending)
	{
		/* simple croak as we don't want to involve PostgreSQL code */
		croak("SPI functions can not be used in END blocks");
	}
}


HV *
plperl_spi_exec(char *query, int limit)
{
	HV		   *ret_hv;

	/*
	 * Execute the query inside a sub-transaction, so we can cope with errors
	 * sanely
	 */
	MemoryContext oldcontext = CurrentMemoryContext;
	ResourceOwner oldowner = CurrentResourceOwner;

	check_spi_usage_allowed();

	BeginInternalSubTransaction(NULL);
	/* Want to run inside function's memory context */
	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);

	PG_TRY();
	{
		int			spi_rv;

		pg_verifymbstr(query, strlen(query), false);

		spi_rv = SPI_execute(query, current_call_data->prodesc->fn_readonly,
							 limit);
		ret_hv = plperl_spi_execute_fetch_result(SPI_tuptable, SPI_processed,
												 spi_rv);

		/* Commit the inner transaction, return to outer xact context */
		ReleaseCurrentSubTransaction();
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		CurrentResourceOwner = oldowner;

		/*
		 * AtEOSubXact_SPI() should not have popped any SPI context, but just
		 * in case it did, make sure we remain connected.
		 */
		SPI_restore_connection();
	}
	PG_CATCH();
	{
		ErrorData  *edata;

		/* Save error info */
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		edata = CopyErrorData();
		FlushErrorState();

		/* Abort the inner transaction */
		RollbackAndReleaseCurrentSubTransaction();
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		CurrentResourceOwner = oldowner;

		/*
		 * If AtEOSubXact_SPI() popped any SPI context of the subxact, it will
		 * have left us in a disconnected state.  We need this hack to return
		 * to connected state.
		 */
		SPI_restore_connection();

		/* Punt the error to Perl */
		croak("%s", edata->message);

		/* Can't get here, but keep compiler quiet */
		return NULL;
	}
	PG_END_TRY();

	return ret_hv;
}


static HV  *
plperl_spi_execute_fetch_result(SPITupleTable *tuptable, int processed,
								int status)
{
	HV		   *result;

	check_spi_usage_allowed();

	result = newHV();

	hv_store_string(result, "status",
					cstr2sv(SPI_result_code_string(status)));
	hv_store_string(result, "processed",
					newSViv(processed));

	if (status > 0 && tuptable)
	{
		AV		   *rows;
		SV		   *row;
		int			i;

		rows = newAV();
		av_extend(rows, processed);
		for (i = 0; i < processed; i++)
		{
			row = plperl_hash_from_tuple(tuptable->vals[i], tuptable->tupdesc);
			av_push(rows, row);
		}
		hv_store_string(result, "rows",
						newRV_noinc((SV *) rows));
	}

	SPI_freetuptable(tuptable);

	return result;
}


/*
 * Note: plperl_return_next is called both in Postgres and Perl contexts.
 * We report any errors in Postgres fashion (via ereport).	If called in
 * Perl context, it is SPI.xs's responsibility to catch the error and
 * convert to a Perl error.  We assume (perhaps without adequate justification)
 * that we need not abort the current transaction if the Perl code traps the
 * error.
 */
void
plperl_return_next(SV *sv)
{
	plperl_proc_desc *prodesc;
	FunctionCallInfo fcinfo;
	ReturnSetInfo *rsi;
	MemoryContext old_cxt;

	if (!sv)
		return;

	prodesc = current_call_data->prodesc;
	fcinfo = current_call_data->fcinfo;
	rsi = (ReturnSetInfo *) fcinfo->resultinfo;

	if (!prodesc->fn_retisset)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
				 errmsg("cannot use return_next in a non-SETOF function")));

	if (prodesc->fn_retistuple &&
		!(SvOK(sv) && SvROK(sv) && SvTYPE(SvRV(sv)) == SVt_PVHV))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
				 errmsg("SETOF-composite-returning PL/Perl function "
						"must call return_next with reference to hash")));

	if (!current_call_data->ret_tdesc)
	{
		TupleDesc	tupdesc;

		Assert(!current_call_data->tuple_store);
		Assert(!current_call_data->attinmeta);

		/*
		 * This is the first call to return_next in the current PL/Perl
		 * function call, so memoize some lookups
		 */
		if (prodesc->fn_retistuple)
			(void) get_call_result_type(fcinfo, NULL, &tupdesc);
		else
			tupdesc = rsi->expectedDesc;

		/*
		 * Make sure the tuple_store and ret_tdesc are sufficiently
		 * long-lived.
		 */
		old_cxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(rsi->econtext->ecxt_per_query_memory);

		current_call_data->ret_tdesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(tupdesc);
		current_call_data->tuple_store =
			tuplestore_begin_heap(rsi->allowedModes & SFRM_Materialize_Random,
								  false, work_mem);
		if (prodesc->fn_retistuple)
		{
			current_call_data->attinmeta =
				TupleDescGetAttInMetadata(current_call_data->ret_tdesc);
		}

		MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_cxt);
	}

	/*
	 * Producing the tuple we want to return requires making plenty of
	 * palloc() allocations that are not cleaned up. Since this function can
	 * be called many times before the current memory context is reset, we
	 * need to do those allocations in a temporary context.
	 */
	if (!current_call_data->tmp_cxt)
	{
		current_call_data->tmp_cxt =
			AllocSetContextCreate(rsi->econtext->ecxt_per_tuple_memory,
								  "PL/Perl return_next temporary cxt",
								  ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MINSIZE,
								  ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_INITSIZE,
								  ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MAXSIZE);
	}

	old_cxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(current_call_data->tmp_cxt);

	if (prodesc->fn_retistuple)
	{
		HeapTuple	tuple;

		tuple = plperl_build_tuple_result((HV *) SvRV(sv),
										  current_call_data->attinmeta);
		tuplestore_puttuple(current_call_data->tuple_store, tuple);
	}
	else
	{
		Datum		ret;
		bool		isNull;

		ret = plperl_sv_to_datum(sv,
								 &prodesc->result_in_func,
								 prodesc->result_oid,
								 prodesc->result_typioparam,
								 -1, &isNull);

		tuplestore_putvalues(current_call_data->tuple_store,
							 current_call_data->ret_tdesc,
							 &ret, &isNull);
	}

	MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_cxt);
	MemoryContextReset(current_call_data->tmp_cxt);
}


SV *
plperl_spi_query(char *query)
{
	SV		   *cursor;

	/*
	 * Execute the query inside a sub-transaction, so we can cope with errors
	 * sanely
	 */
	MemoryContext oldcontext = CurrentMemoryContext;
	ResourceOwner oldowner = CurrentResourceOwner;

	check_spi_usage_allowed();

	BeginInternalSubTransaction(NULL);
	/* Want to run inside function's memory context */
	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);

	PG_TRY();
	{
		void	   *plan;
		Portal		portal;

		/* Make sure the query is validly encoded */
		pg_verifymbstr(query, strlen(query), false);

		/* Create a cursor for the query */
		plan = SPI_prepare(query, 0, NULL);
		if (plan == NULL)
			elog(ERROR, "SPI_prepare() failed:%s",
				 SPI_result_code_string(SPI_result));

		portal = SPI_cursor_open(NULL, plan, NULL, NULL, false);
		SPI_freeplan(plan);
		if (portal == NULL)
			elog(ERROR, "SPI_cursor_open() failed:%s",
				 SPI_result_code_string(SPI_result));
		cursor = cstr2sv(portal->name);

		/* Commit the inner transaction, return to outer xact context */
		ReleaseCurrentSubTransaction();
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		CurrentResourceOwner = oldowner;

		/*
		 * AtEOSubXact_SPI() should not have popped any SPI context, but just
		 * in case it did, make sure we remain connected.
		 */
		SPI_restore_connection();
	}
	PG_CATCH();
	{
		ErrorData  *edata;

		/* Save error info */
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		edata = CopyErrorData();
		FlushErrorState();

		/* Abort the inner transaction */
		RollbackAndReleaseCurrentSubTransaction();
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		CurrentResourceOwner = oldowner;

		/*
		 * If AtEOSubXact_SPI() popped any SPI context of the subxact, it will
		 * have left us in a disconnected state.  We need this hack to return
		 * to connected state.
		 */
		SPI_restore_connection();

		/* Punt the error to Perl */
		croak("%s", edata->message);

		/* Can't get here, but keep compiler quiet */
		return NULL;
	}
	PG_END_TRY();

	return cursor;
}


SV *
plperl_spi_fetchrow(char *cursor)
{
	SV		   *row;

	/*
	 * Execute the FETCH inside a sub-transaction, so we can cope with errors
	 * sanely
	 */
	MemoryContext oldcontext = CurrentMemoryContext;
	ResourceOwner oldowner = CurrentResourceOwner;

	check_spi_usage_allowed();

	BeginInternalSubTransaction(NULL);
	/* Want to run inside function's memory context */
	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);

	PG_TRY();
	{
		Portal		p = SPI_cursor_find(cursor);

		if (!p)
		{
			row = &PL_sv_undef;
		}
		else
		{
			SPI_cursor_fetch(p, true, 1);
			if (SPI_processed == 0)
			{
				SPI_cursor_close(p);
				row = &PL_sv_undef;
			}
			else
			{
				row = plperl_hash_from_tuple(SPI_tuptable->vals[0],
											 SPI_tuptable->tupdesc);
			}
			SPI_freetuptable(SPI_tuptable);
		}

		/* Commit the inner transaction, return to outer xact context */
		ReleaseCurrentSubTransaction();
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		CurrentResourceOwner = oldowner;

		/*
		 * AtEOSubXact_SPI() should not have popped any SPI context, but just
		 * in case it did, make sure we remain connected.
		 */
		SPI_restore_connection();
	}
	PG_CATCH();
	{
		ErrorData  *edata;

		/* Save error info */
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		edata = CopyErrorData();
		FlushErrorState();

		/* Abort the inner transaction */
		RollbackAndReleaseCurrentSubTransaction();
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		CurrentResourceOwner = oldowner;

		/*
		 * If AtEOSubXact_SPI() popped any SPI context of the subxact, it will
		 * have left us in a disconnected state.  We need this hack to return
		 * to connected state.
		 */
		SPI_restore_connection();

		/* Punt the error to Perl */
		croak("%s", edata->message);

		/* Can't get here, but keep compiler quiet */
		return NULL;
	}
	PG_END_TRY();

	return row;
}

void
plperl_spi_cursor_close(char *cursor)
{
	Portal		p;

	check_spi_usage_allowed();

	p = SPI_cursor_find(cursor);

	if (p)
		SPI_cursor_close(p);
}

SV *
plperl_spi_prepare(char *query, int argc, SV **argv)
{
	plperl_query_desc *qdesc;
	plperl_query_entry *hash_entry;
	bool		found;
	void	   *plan;
	int			i;

	MemoryContext oldcontext = CurrentMemoryContext;
	ResourceOwner oldowner = CurrentResourceOwner;

	check_spi_usage_allowed();

	BeginInternalSubTransaction(NULL);
	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);

	/************************************************************
	 * Allocate the new querydesc structure
	 ************************************************************/
	qdesc = (plperl_query_desc *) malloc(sizeof(plperl_query_desc));
	MemSet(qdesc, 0, sizeof(plperl_query_desc));
	snprintf(qdesc->qname, sizeof(qdesc->qname), "%p", qdesc);
	qdesc->nargs = argc;
	qdesc->argtypes = (Oid *) malloc(argc * sizeof(Oid));
	qdesc->arginfuncs = (FmgrInfo *) malloc(argc * sizeof(FmgrInfo));
	qdesc->argtypioparams = (Oid *) malloc(argc * sizeof(Oid));

	PG_TRY();
	{
		/************************************************************
		 * Resolve argument type names and then look them up by oid
		 * in the system cache, and remember the required information
		 * for input conversion.
		 ************************************************************/
		for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
		{
			Oid			typId,
						typInput,
						typIOParam;
			int32		typmod;
			char	   *typstr;

			typstr = sv2cstr(argv[i]);
			parseTypeString(typstr, &typId, &typmod);
			pfree(typstr);

			getTypeInputInfo(typId, &typInput, &typIOParam);

			qdesc->argtypes[i] = typId;
			perm_fmgr_info(typInput, &(qdesc->arginfuncs[i]));
			qdesc->argtypioparams[i] = typIOParam;
		}

		/* Make sure the query is validly encoded */
		pg_verifymbstr(query, strlen(query), false);

		/************************************************************
		 * Prepare the plan and check for errors
		 ************************************************************/
		plan = SPI_prepare(query, argc, qdesc->argtypes);

		if (plan == NULL)
			elog(ERROR, "SPI_prepare() failed:%s",
				 SPI_result_code_string(SPI_result));

		/************************************************************
		 * Save the plan into permanent memory (right now it's in the
		 * SPI procCxt, which will go away at function end).
		 ************************************************************/
		qdesc->plan = SPI_saveplan(plan);
		if (qdesc->plan == NULL)
			elog(ERROR, "SPI_saveplan() failed: %s",
				 SPI_result_code_string(SPI_result));

		/* Release the procCxt copy to avoid within-function memory leak */
		SPI_freeplan(plan);

		/* Commit the inner transaction, return to outer xact context */
		ReleaseCurrentSubTransaction();
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		CurrentResourceOwner = oldowner;

		/*
		 * AtEOSubXact_SPI() should not have popped any SPI context, but just
		 * in case it did, make sure we remain connected.
		 */
		SPI_restore_connection();
	}
	PG_CATCH();
	{
		ErrorData  *edata;

		free(qdesc->argtypes);
		free(qdesc->arginfuncs);
		free(qdesc->argtypioparams);
		free(qdesc);

		/* Save error info */
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		edata = CopyErrorData();
		FlushErrorState();

		/* Abort the inner transaction */
		RollbackAndReleaseCurrentSubTransaction();
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		CurrentResourceOwner = oldowner;

		/*
		 * If AtEOSubXact_SPI() popped any SPI context of the subxact, it will
		 * have left us in a disconnected state.  We need this hack to return
		 * to connected state.
		 */
		SPI_restore_connection();

		/* Punt the error to Perl */
		croak("%s", edata->message);

		/* Can't get here, but keep compiler quiet */
		return NULL;
	}
	PG_END_TRY();

	/************************************************************
	 * Insert a hashtable entry for the plan and return
	 * the key to the caller.
	 ************************************************************/

	hash_entry = hash_search(plperl_active_interp->query_hash, qdesc->qname,
							 HASH_ENTER, &found);
	hash_entry->query_data = qdesc;

	return cstr2sv(qdesc->qname);
}

HV *
plperl_spi_exec_prepared(char *query, HV *attr, int argc, SV **argv)
{
	HV		   *ret_hv;
	SV		  **sv;
	int			i,
				limit,
				spi_rv;
	char	   *nulls;
	Datum	   *argvalues;
	plperl_query_desc *qdesc;
	plperl_query_entry *hash_entry;

	/*
	 * Execute the query inside a sub-transaction, so we can cope with errors
	 * sanely
	 */
	MemoryContext oldcontext = CurrentMemoryContext;
	ResourceOwner oldowner = CurrentResourceOwner;

	check_spi_usage_allowed();

	BeginInternalSubTransaction(NULL);
	/* Want to run inside function's memory context */
	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);

	PG_TRY();
	{
		/************************************************************
		 * Fetch the saved plan descriptor, see if it's o.k.
		 ************************************************************/

		hash_entry = hash_search(plperl_active_interp->query_hash, query,
								 HASH_FIND, NULL);
		if (hash_entry == NULL)
			elog(ERROR, "spi_exec_prepared: Invalid prepared query passed");

		qdesc = hash_entry->query_data;

		if (qdesc == NULL)
			elog(ERROR, "spi_exec_prepared: panic - plperl query_hash value vanished");

		if (qdesc->nargs != argc)
			elog(ERROR, "spi_exec_prepared: expected %d argument(s), %d passed",
				 qdesc->nargs, argc);

		/************************************************************
		 * Parse eventual attributes
		 ************************************************************/
		limit = 0;
		if (attr != NULL)
		{
			sv = hv_fetch_string(attr, "limit");
			if (sv && *sv && SvIOK(*sv))
				limit = SvIV(*sv);
		}
		/************************************************************
		 * Set up arguments
		 ************************************************************/
		if (argc > 0)
		{
			nulls = (char *) palloc(argc);
			argvalues = (Datum *) palloc(argc * sizeof(Datum));
		}
		else
		{
			nulls = NULL;
			argvalues = NULL;
		}

		for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
		{
			bool		isnull;

			argvalues[i] = plperl_sv_to_datum(argv[i],
											  &qdesc->arginfuncs[i],
											  qdesc->argtypes[i],
											  qdesc->argtypioparams[i],
											  -1, &isnull);
			nulls[i] = isnull ? 'n' : ' ';
		}

		/************************************************************
		 * go
		 ************************************************************/
		spi_rv = SPI_execute_plan(qdesc->plan, argvalues, nulls,
							 current_call_data->prodesc->fn_readonly, limit);
		ret_hv = plperl_spi_execute_fetch_result(SPI_tuptable, SPI_processed,
												 spi_rv);
		if (argc > 0)
		{
			pfree(argvalues);
			pfree(nulls);
		}

		/* Commit the inner transaction, return to outer xact context */
		ReleaseCurrentSubTransaction();
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		CurrentResourceOwner = oldowner;

		/*
		 * AtEOSubXact_SPI() should not have popped any SPI context, but just
		 * in case it did, make sure we remain connected.
		 */
		SPI_restore_connection();
	}
	PG_CATCH();
	{
		ErrorData  *edata;

		/* Save error info */
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		edata = CopyErrorData();
		FlushErrorState();

		/* Abort the inner transaction */
		RollbackAndReleaseCurrentSubTransaction();
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		CurrentResourceOwner = oldowner;

		/*
		 * If AtEOSubXact_SPI() popped any SPI context of the subxact, it will
		 * have left us in a disconnected state.  We need this hack to return
		 * to connected state.
		 */
		SPI_restore_connection();

		/* Punt the error to Perl */
		croak("%s", edata->message);

		/* Can't get here, but keep compiler quiet */
		return NULL;
	}
	PG_END_TRY();

	return ret_hv;
}

SV *
plperl_spi_query_prepared(char *query, int argc, SV **argv)
{
	int			i;
	char	   *nulls;
	Datum	   *argvalues;
	plperl_query_desc *qdesc;
	plperl_query_entry *hash_entry;
	SV		   *cursor;
	Portal		portal = NULL;

	/*
	 * Execute the query inside a sub-transaction, so we can cope with errors
	 * sanely
	 */
	MemoryContext oldcontext = CurrentMemoryContext;
	ResourceOwner oldowner = CurrentResourceOwner;

	check_spi_usage_allowed();

	BeginInternalSubTransaction(NULL);
	/* Want to run inside function's memory context */
	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);

	PG_TRY();
	{
		/************************************************************
		 * Fetch the saved plan descriptor, see if it's o.k.
		 ************************************************************/
		hash_entry = hash_search(plperl_active_interp->query_hash, query,
								 HASH_FIND, NULL);
		if (hash_entry == NULL)
			elog(ERROR, "spi_exec_prepared: Invalid prepared query passed");

		qdesc = hash_entry->query_data;

		if (qdesc == NULL)
			elog(ERROR, "spi_query_prepared: panic - plperl query_hash value vanished");

		if (qdesc->nargs != argc)
			elog(ERROR, "spi_query_prepared: expected %d argument(s), %d passed",
				 qdesc->nargs, argc);

		/************************************************************
		 * Set up arguments
		 ************************************************************/
		if (argc > 0)
		{
			nulls = (char *) palloc(argc);
			argvalues = (Datum *) palloc(argc * sizeof(Datum));
		}
		else
		{
			nulls = NULL;
			argvalues = NULL;
		}

		for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
		{
			bool		isnull;

			argvalues[i] = plperl_sv_to_datum(argv[i],
											  &qdesc->arginfuncs[i],
											  qdesc->argtypes[i],
											  qdesc->argtypioparams[i],
											  -1, &isnull);
			nulls[i] = isnull ? 'n' : ' ';
		}

		/************************************************************
		 * go
		 ************************************************************/
		portal = SPI_cursor_open(NULL, qdesc->plan, argvalues, nulls,
								 current_call_data->prodesc->fn_readonly);
		if (argc > 0)
		{
			pfree(argvalues);
			pfree(nulls);
		}
		if (portal == NULL)
			elog(ERROR, "SPI_cursor_open() failed:%s",
				 SPI_result_code_string(SPI_result));

		cursor = cstr2sv(portal->name);

		/* Commit the inner transaction, return to outer xact context */
		ReleaseCurrentSubTransaction();
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		CurrentResourceOwner = oldowner;

		/*
		 * AtEOSubXact_SPI() should not have popped any SPI context, but just
		 * in case it did, make sure we remain connected.
		 */
		SPI_restore_connection();
	}
	PG_CATCH();
	{
		ErrorData  *edata;

		/* Save error info */
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		edata = CopyErrorData();
		FlushErrorState();

		/* Abort the inner transaction */
		RollbackAndReleaseCurrentSubTransaction();
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		CurrentResourceOwner = oldowner;

		/*
		 * If AtEOSubXact_SPI() popped any SPI context of the subxact, it will
		 * have left us in a disconnected state.  We need this hack to return
		 * to connected state.
		 */
		SPI_restore_connection();

		/* Punt the error to Perl */
		croak("%s", edata->message);

		/* Can't get here, but keep compiler quiet */
		return NULL;
	}
	PG_END_TRY();

	return cursor;
}

void
plperl_spi_freeplan(char *query)
{
	void	   *plan;
	plperl_query_desc *qdesc;
	plperl_query_entry *hash_entry;

	check_spi_usage_allowed();

	hash_entry = hash_search(plperl_active_interp->query_hash, query,
							 HASH_FIND, NULL);
	if (hash_entry == NULL)
		elog(ERROR, "spi_exec_prepared: Invalid prepared query passed");

	qdesc = hash_entry->query_data;

	if (qdesc == NULL)
		elog(ERROR, "spi_exec_freeplan: panic - plperl query_hash value vanished");

	/*
	 * free all memory before SPI_freeplan, so if it dies, nothing will be
	 * left over
	 */
	hash_search(plperl_active_interp->query_hash, query,
				HASH_REMOVE, NULL);

	plan = qdesc->plan;
	free(qdesc->argtypes);
	free(qdesc->arginfuncs);
	free(qdesc->argtypioparams);
	free(qdesc);

	SPI_freeplan(plan);
}

/*
 * Store an SV into a hash table under a key that is a string assumed to be
 * in the current database's encoding.
 */
static SV **
hv_store_string(HV *hv, const char *key, SV *val)
{
	int32		hlen;
	char	   *hkey;
	SV		  **ret;

	hkey = (char *)
		pg_do_encoding_conversion((unsigned char *) key, strlen(key),
								  GetDatabaseEncoding(), PG_UTF8);

	/*
	 * This seems nowhere documented, but under Perl 5.8.0 and up, hv_store()
	 * recognizes a negative klen parameter as meaning a UTF-8 encoded key. It
	 * does not appear that hashes track UTF-8-ness of keys at all in Perl
	 * 5.6.
	 */
	hlen = -strlen(hkey);
	ret = hv_store(hv, hkey, hlen, val, 0);

	if (hkey != key)
		pfree(hkey);

	return ret;
}

/*
 * Fetch an SV from a hash table under a key that is a string assumed to be
 * in the current database's encoding.
 */
static SV **
hv_fetch_string(HV *hv, const char *key)
{
	int32		hlen;
	char	   *hkey;
	SV		  **ret;

	hkey = (char *)
		pg_do_encoding_conversion((unsigned char *) key, strlen(key),
								  GetDatabaseEncoding(), PG_UTF8);

	/* See notes in hv_store_string */
	hlen = -strlen(hkey);
	ret = hv_fetch(hv, hkey, hlen, 0);

	if (hkey != key)
		pfree(hkey);

	return ret;
}

/*
 * Provide function name for PL/Perl execution errors
 */
static void
plperl_exec_callback(void *arg)
{
	char	   *procname = (char *) arg;

	if (procname)
		errcontext("PL/Perl function \"%s\"", procname);
}

/*
 * Provide function name for PL/Perl compilation errors
 */
static void
plperl_compile_callback(void *arg)
{
	char	   *procname = (char *) arg;

	if (procname)
		errcontext("compilation of PL/Perl function \"%s\"", procname);
}

/*
 * Provide error context for the inline handler
 */
static void
plperl_inline_callback(void *arg)
{
	errcontext("PL/Perl anonymous code block");
}


/*
 * Perl's own setlocal() copied from POSIX.xs
 * (needed because of the calls to new_*())
 */
#ifdef WIN32
static char *
setlocale_perl(int category, char *locale)
{
	char	   *RETVAL = setlocale(category, locale);

	if (RETVAL)
	{
#ifdef USE_LOCALE_CTYPE
		if (category == LC_CTYPE
#ifdef LC_ALL
			|| category == LC_ALL
#endif
			)
		{
			char	   *newctype;

#ifdef LC_ALL
			if (category == LC_ALL)
				newctype = setlocale(LC_CTYPE, NULL);
			else
#endif
				newctype = RETVAL;
			new_ctype(newctype);
		}
#endif   /* USE_LOCALE_CTYPE */
#ifdef USE_LOCALE_COLLATE
		if (category == LC_COLLATE
#ifdef LC_ALL
			|| category == LC_ALL
#endif
			)
		{
			char	   *newcoll;

#ifdef LC_ALL
			if (category == LC_ALL)
				newcoll = setlocale(LC_COLLATE, NULL);
			else
#endif
				newcoll = RETVAL;
			new_collate(newcoll);
		}
#endif   /* USE_LOCALE_COLLATE */

#ifdef USE_LOCALE_NUMERIC
		if (category == LC_NUMERIC
#ifdef LC_ALL
			|| category == LC_ALL
#endif
			)
		{
			char	   *newnum;

#ifdef LC_ALL
			if (category == LC_ALL)
				newnum = setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, NULL);
			else
#endif
				newnum = RETVAL;
			new_numeric(newnum);
		}
#endif   /* USE_LOCALE_NUMERIC */
	}

	return RETVAL;
}

#endif
