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Date: Fri, 04 Sep 1998 11:03:00 +0800
From: Vadim Mikheev <vadim@krs.ru>
Organization: OJSC Rostelecom (Krasnoyarsk)
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To: "D'Arcy J.M. Cain" <darcy@druid.net>
CC: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>, hackers@postgreSQL.org
Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Adding PRIMARY KEY info
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D'Arcy J.M. Cain wrote:
> 
> Thus spake Vadim Mikheev
> > Imho, indices should be used/created for FOREIGN keys and so pg_index
> > is good place for both PRIMARY and FOREIGN keys infos.
> 
> Are you sure?  I don't know about implementing it but it seems more
> like an attribute thing rather than an index thing.  Certainly from a
> database design viewpoint you want to refer to the fields, not the
> index on them.  If you put it into the index then you have to do
> an extra join to get the information.
> 
> Perhaps you have to do the extra join anyway for other purposes so it
> may not matter.  All I want is to be able to be able to extract the
> field that the designer specified as the key.  As long as I can design
> a select statement that gives me that I don't much care how it is
> implemented.  I'll cache the information anyway so it won't have a
> huge impact on my programs.

First, let me note that you have to add int28 field to pg_class,
not just oid field, to know what attributeS are in primary key
(we support multi-attribute primary keys).
This could be done...
But what about foreign and unique (!) keys ?
There may be _many_ foreign/unique keys defined for one table!
And so foreign/unique keys info have to be stored somewhere else,
not in pg_class.

pg_index is good place for all _3_ key types because of:

1. index should be created for each foreign key - 
   just for performance.
2. pg_index already has int28 field for key attributes.
3. pg_index already has indisunique (note that foreign keys 
   may reference unique keys, not just primary ones).

- so we have just add two fields to pg_index:

bool indisprimary;
oid  indreferenced; 
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
this is for foreign keys: oid of referenced relation' 
primary/unique key index.

I agreed that indices are just implementation...
If you don't like to store key infos in pg_index then
new pg_key relation have to be added...

Comments ?

Vadim


From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Sat Sep  5 02:01:13 1998
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Date: Sat, 05 Sep 1998 13:40:43 +0800
From: Vadim Mikheev <vadim@krs.ru>
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To: "D'Arcy J.M. Cain" <darcy@druid.net>
CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org, pgsql-core@postgreSQL.org
Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Adding PRIMARY KEY info
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D'Arcy J.M. Cain wrote:
> 
> >
> > pg_index is good place for all _3_ key types because of:
> >
> > 1. index should be created for each foreign key -
> >    just for performance.
> > 2. pg_index already has int28 field for key attributes.
> > 3. pg_index already has indisunique (note that foreign keys
> >    may reference unique keys, not just primary ones).
> >
> > - so we have just add two fields to pg_index:
> >
> > bool indisprimary;
> > oid  indreferenced;
> > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
> > this is for foreign keys: oid of referenced relation'
> > primary/unique key index.
> 
> Sounds fine to me.  Any chance of seeing this in 6.4?

I could add this (and FOREIGN key implementation) before
11-13 Sep... But not the ALTER TABLE ADD/DROP CONSTRAINT
stuff (ok for Entry SQL).
But we are in beta...

Comments?

> Nope, pg_index is fine by me.  Now, once we have this, how do we find
> the index for a particular attribute?  I can't seem to figure out the
> relationship between pg_attribute and pg_index.  The chart in the docs
> suggests that indkey is the relation but I can't see any useful info
> there for joining the tables.

pg_index:
	indrelid - oid of indexed relation
	indkey   - up to the 8 attnums

pg_attribute:
	attrelid - oid of relation
	attnum   - ...

Without outer join you have to query pg_attribute for each
valid attnum from pg_index->indkey -:(

Vadim


From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Tue Sep 21 05:31:11 1999
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From: wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck)
Subject: [HACKERS] Re: Referential Integrity In  PostgreSQL
To: pgsql-hackers@postgreSQL.org (PostgreSQL HACKERS)
Date: Tue, 21 Sep 1999 10:37:21 +0200 (MET DST)
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>
> Hi , Jan
>
> my name is Max .

Hi Max,

>
> I have contributed to SPI interface ,
> that with external Trigger try to make
> a referential integrity.
>
> If I can Help , in something ,
> I'm here .
>

    You're welcome.

    I've  CC'd  the  hackers list because we might get some ideas
    from there too (and to  surface  once  in  a  while  -  Bruce
    already missed me).

    Currently  I'm  very  busy  for  serious work so I don't find
    enough  spare  time  to  start  on  such  a  big  change   to
    PostgreSQL.   But  I'd like to give you an overview of what I
    have in mind so far so you can decide if you're able to help.

    Referential integrity (RI) is based on constraints defined in
    the schema of a database. There are some different  types  of
    constraints:

    1.  Uniqueness constraints.

    2.  Foreign key constraints that ensure that a key value used
        in  an  attribute  exists  in   another   relation.   One
        constraint  must ensure you're unable to INSERT/UPDATE to
        a value that doesn't  exist,  another  one  must  prevent
        DELETE  on  a  referenced  key item or that it is changed
        during UPDATE.

    3.  Cascading deletes that let rows referring to a key follow
        on DELETE silently.

    Even  if  not  defined in the standard (AFAIK) there could be
    others like letting references automatically follow on UPDATE
    to a key value.

    All constraints can be enabled and/or default to be deferred.
    That means, that the RI checks aren't performed when they are
    triggerd.  Instead,  they're checked at transaction end or if
    explicitly invoked by some special statement.  This is really
    important  because  someone  must  be able to setup cyclic RI
    checks that could never be satisfied if the checks  would  be
    performed  immediately.  The  major  problem  on  this is the
    amount of data affected until the checks must  be  performed.
    The number of statements executed, that trigger such deferred
    constraints,   shouldn't   be   limited.   And   one   single
    INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE could affect thousands of rows.

    Due  to these problems I thought, it might not be such a good
    idea to remember CTID's or the like to get back OLD/NEW  rows
    at the time the constraints are checked. Instead I planned to
    misuse the rule system for it. Unfortunately, the rule system
    has  damned  tricky problems itself when it comes to having-,
    distinct and other clauses and extremely  on  aggregates  and
    subselects. These problems would have to get fixed first.  So
    it's a solution that cannot be implemented right now.

    Fallback to CTID remembering though. There are  problems  too
    :-(.   Let's  enhance  the  trigger mechanism with a deferred
    feature. First this requires two additional  bool  attributes
    in  the  pg_trigger  relation  that  tell  if this trigger is
    deferrable and if it is deferred by default.  While at it  we
    should  add another bool that tells if the trigger is enabled
    (ALTER TRIGGER {ENABLE|DISABLE} trigger).

    Second we  need  an  internal  list  of  triggers,  that  are
    currently DEFINED AS DEFERRED. Either because they default to
    it, or the user explicitly asked to deferr it.

    Third we need an internal  list  of  triggers  that  must  be
    invoked later because at the time an event occured where they
    should have been triggered, they appeared in the  other  list
    and  their  execution  is  delayed  until  transaction end or
    explicit execution. This list must remember the  OID  of  the
    trigger   to  invoke  (to  identify  the  procedure  and  the
    arguments), the relation that  caused  the  trigger  and  the
    CTID's of the OLD and NEW row.

    That  last  list  could  grow  extremely!  Think of a trigger
    that's executing commands over SPI  which  in  turn  activate
    deferred  triggers.  Since  the order of trigger execution is
    very  important  for  RI,  I  can't   see   any   chance   to
    simplify/condense  this  information.  Thus it is 16 bytes at
    least per deferred trigger call (2 OID's plus  2  CTID's).  I
    think one or more temp files would fit best for this.

    A last tricky point is if one of a bunch of deferred triggers
    is explicitly called for execution. At this time, the entries
    for  it  in  the  temp  file(s) must get processed and marked
    executed (maybe by overwriting  the  triggers  OID  with  the
    invalid  OID)  while  other  trigger events still have to get
    recorded.

    Needless to say that reading thousands of those entries  just
    to find a few isn't good on performance. But better have this
    special case slow that dealing with hundreds of temp files or
    other overhead slowing down the usual case where ALL deferred
    triggers get called at transaction end.

    Trigger invocation is simple now - fetch the OLD and NEW rows
    by  CTID  and  execute  the  trigger  as  done by the trigger
    manager. Oh - well - vacuum shouldn't touch  relations  where
    deferred   triggers  are  outstanding.   Might  require  some
    special lock entry - Vadim?

    Did I miss something?


Jan

--

#======================================================================#
# It's easier to get forgiveness for being wrong than for being right. #
# Let's break this rule - forgive me.                                  #
#========================================= wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck) #

************


From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Tue Sep 21 08:31:03 1999
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From: wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck)
Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: Referential Integrity In  PostgreSQL
To: andreas.zeugswetter@telecom.at (Andreas Zeugswetter)
Date: Tue, 21 Sep 1999 13:39:27 +0200 (MET DST)
Cc: hackers@postgresql.org
Reply-To: wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck)
In-Reply-To: <37E74EB9.44F9766E@telecom.at> from "Andreas Zeugswetter" at Sep 21, 99 11:24:09 am
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>
> > Oh - well - vacuum shouldn't touch  relations  where
> > deferred   triggers  are  outstanding.   Might  require  some
> > special lock entry - Vadim?
>
> All modified data will be in this same still open transaction.
> Therefore no relevant data can be removed by vacuum anyway.

    I expect this, but I really need to be sure that not even the
    location of the tuple in the heap will change. I need to find
    the tuples at the time the deferred triggers must be executed
    via heap_fetch() by their CTID!

>
> It is my understanding, that the RI check is performed on the newest
> available (committed) data (+ modified data from my own tx).
> E.g. a primary key that has been removed by another transaction after
> my begin work will lead to an RI violation if referenced as foreign key.

    Absolutely right. The function that will  fire  the  deferred
    triggers  must  switch to READ COMMITTED isolevel while doing
    so.

    What I'm not sure about is which snapshot to use to  get  the
    OLD  tuples  (outdated  in  this  transaction  by  a previous
    command). Vadim?


Jan

--

#======================================================================#
# It's easier to get forgiveness for being wrong than for being right. #
# Let's break this rule - forgive me.                                  #
#========================================= wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck) #



************


From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Tue Sep 21 10:45:40 1999
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From: Vadim Mikheev <vadim@krs.ru>
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To: Jan Wieck <wieck@debis.com>
CC: Andreas Zeugswetter <andreas.zeugswetter@telecom.at>,
        hackers@postgreSQL.org
Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: Referential Integrity In  PostgreSQL
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Jan Wieck wrote:
> 
> > It is my understanding, that the RI check is performed on the newest
> > available (committed) data (+ modified data from my own tx).
> > E.g. a primary key that has been removed by another transaction after
> > my begin work will lead to an RI violation if referenced as foreign key.
> 
>     Absolutely right. The function that will  fire  the  deferred
>     triggers  must  switch to READ COMMITTED isolevel while doing
                                ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>     so.

NO!
What if one transaction deleted PK, another one inserted FK
and now both performe RI check? Both transactions _must_
use DIRTY READs to notice that RI violated by another
in-progress transaction and wait for concurrent transaction...

BTW, using triggers to check _each_ modified tuple
(i.e. run Executor for each modified tuple) is bad for
performance. We could implement direct support for
standard RI constraints.

Using rules (statement level triggers) for INSERT...SELECT,
UPDATE and DELETE queries would be nice! Actually, RI constraint
checks need in very simple queries (i.e. without distinct etc)
and the only we would have to do is

>     What I'm not sure about is which snapshot to use to  get  the
>     OLD  tuples  (outdated  in  this  transaction  by  a previous
>     command). Vadim?

1. Add CommandId to Snapshot.
2. Use Snapshot->CommandId instead of global CurrentScanCommandId.
3. Use Snapshots with different CommandId-s to get OLD/NEW
   versions.

But I agreed that the size of parsetrees may be big and for
COPY...FROM/INSERTs we should remember IDs of modified
tuples. Well. Please remember that I implement WAL right
now, already have 1000 lines of code and hope to run first
tests after writing additional ~200 lines -:)
We could read modified tuple IDs from WAL...

Vadim

************


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From: wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck)
Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: Referential Integrity In  PostgreSQL
To: vadim@krs.ru (Vadim Mikheev)
Date: Tue, 21 Sep 1999 16:55:33 +0200 (MET DST)
Cc: wieck@debis.com, andreas.zeugswetter@telecom.at, hackers@postgreSQL.org
Reply-To: wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck)
In-Reply-To: <37E79730.CC415030@krs.ru> from "Vadim Mikheev" at Sep 21, 99 10:33:20 pm
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>
> Jan Wieck wrote:
> >
> > > It is my understanding, that the RI check is performed on the newest
> > > available (committed) data (+ modified data from my own tx).
> > > E.g. a primary key that has been removed by another transaction after
> > > my begin work will lead to an RI violation if referenced as foreign key.
> >
> >     Absolutely right. The function that will  fire  the  deferred
> >     triggers  must  switch to READ COMMITTED isolevel while doing
>                                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
> >     so.
>
> NO!
> What if one transaction deleted PK, another one inserted FK
> and now both performe RI check? Both transactions _must_
> use DIRTY READs to notice that RI violated by another
> in-progress transaction and wait for concurrent transaction...

    Oh - I see - yes.

>
> BTW, using triggers to check _each_ modified tuple
> (i.e. run Executor for each modified tuple) is bad for
> performance. We could implement direct support for
> standard RI constraints.

    As I want to implement it, there would be not much difference
    between a regular trigger invocation and a deferred one.   If
    that causes a performance problem, I think we should speed up
    the trigger call mechanism in general instead  of  not  using
    triggers.

>
> Using rules (statement level triggers) for INSERT...SELECT,
> UPDATE and DELETE queries would be nice! Actually, RI constraint
> checks need in very simple queries (i.e. without distinct etc)
> and the only we would have to do is
>
> >     What I'm not sure about is which snapshot to use to  get  the
> >     OLD  tuples  (outdated  in  this  transaction  by  a previous
> >     command). Vadim?
>
> 1. Add CommandId to Snapshot.
> 2. Use Snapshot->CommandId instead of global CurrentScanCommandId.
> 3. Use Snapshots with different CommandId-s to get OLD/NEW
>    versions.
>
> But I agreed that the size of parsetrees may be big and for
> COPY...FROM/INSERTs we should remember IDs of modified
> tuples. Well. Please remember that I implement WAL right
> now, already have 1000 lines of code and hope to run first
> tests after writing additional ~200 lines -:)
> We could read modified tuple IDs from WAL...

    Not  only on COPY. One regular INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statement
    can actually fire thousands of trigger calls right now. These
    triggers  normally  use  SPI to execute their own queries. If
    such a trigger now  uses  a  query  that  in  turn  causes  a
    deferred  constraint,  we  might  have  to  save thousands of
    deferred querytrees - impossible mission.

    That's  IMHO  a  clear  drawback  against  using  rules   for
    deferrable RI.

    What  I'm  currently  doing  is  clearly encapsulated in some
    functions in commands/trigger.c (except for  some  additional
    attributes in pg_trigger).  If it later turns out that we can
    combine the information required into WAL, I  think  we  have
    time  enough  to  do  so  and  shouldn't  really care if v6.6
    doesn't have it already combined.


Jan

--

#======================================================================#
# It's easier to get forgiveness for being wrong than for being right. #
# Let's break this rule - forgive me.                                  #
#========================================= wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck) #



************


From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Tue Sep 21 15:30:29 1999
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From: wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck)
Subject: [HACKERS] RI question
To: pgsql-hackers@postgreSQL.org (PostgreSQL HACKERS)
Date: Tue, 21 Sep 1999 20:46:06 +0200 (MET DST)
Reply-To: wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck)
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Uh oh,

    I  think  deferred  RI constraints must only fire the actions
    that remain after all commands during the entire  transaction
    are  condensed  to  the  total  minimum  required to get that
    state, because deferred  RI  must  only  check  what  VISIBLY
    happened during the transaction.

    Thinking    on    the    tuple    level,    a   sequence   of
    INSERT,UPDATE,UPDATE must fire only one INSERT  trigger,  but
    with the values of the last UPDATE. An UPDATE,DELETE sequence
    is  in  fact  a  DELETE  of  the  original   tuple   and   an
    INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE sequence is nothing.

    That  means that the recording mechnism of the trigger events
    must be very smart on UPDATE and DELETE  events,  looking  at
    the  x_min of the old tuple if that resulted from the current
    transaction. If  so,  follow  the  events  backward,  disable
    previous  ones  and  change the new event into what it really
    has to be.

    But some problems remain unsolvable by this:

    - PK has an ON DELETE CASCADE for FK
    - BEGIN
    - DELETE PK
    - INSERT same PK
    - COMMIT.

    This really shouldn't invoke the cascading delete, because at
    COMMIT  the  PK  still  is there.  Same for a constraint that
    forbids deletion of a PK while referenced  by  FK.  Therefore
    the deferred event recorder must check on INSERT any previous
    DELETES for the same relation if the key does match and  drop
    both  deferred  triggers  if  so.  Therefore it needs to know
    which   attributes   build   the   PK   of   that    relation
    (<relname>_pkey guaranteed?).

    Well,  I think that's finally the death of RI over rules. The
    code managing those rules  during  CREATE/ALTER  TABLE  would
    become  totally  unmaintainable.  And  (sorry Vadim) it's the
    death of SLT for this too because this event tracking must be
    done on the tuple level.

    It  complicated  the  trigger  approach too, but IMHO not too
    bad. Anyway,  some  co-developer(s)  doing  the  parser-  and
    utility-statement  stuff  (SET CONSTRAINTS ... etc.) would be
    great.

    Volunteers?


Jan

--

#======================================================================#
# It's easier to get forgiveness for being wrong than for being right. #
# Let's break this rule - forgive me.                                  #
#========================================= wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck) #



************


From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Tue Jul 13 22:30:50 1999
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From: "Hiroshi Inoue" <Inoue@tpf.co.jp>
To: "pgsql-hackers" <pgsql-hackers@postgreSQL.org>
Subject: [HACKERS] 9-key index ?
Date: Wed, 14 Jul 1999 11:25:09 +0900
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Hi all,

I could create a 9-key index.

create table ix9 (
i1 int4,
i2 int4,
i3 int4,
i4 int4,
i5 int4,
i6 int4,
i7 int4,
i8 int4,
i9 int4,
primary key (i1,i2,i3,i4,i5,i6,i7,i8,i9)
);
NOTICE:  CREATE TABLE/PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index 'ix9_pkey'
for table 'ix9'
CREATE

\d ix9_pkey

Table    = ix9_pkey
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----
--+
|              Field               |              Type                |
Length|
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----
--+
| i1                               | int4                             |
4 |
| i2                               | int4                             |
4 |
| i3                               | int4                             |
4 |
| i4                               | int4                             |
4 |
| i5                               | int4                             |
4 |
| i6                               | int4                             |
4 |
| i7                               | int4                             |
4 |
| i8                               | int4                             |
4 |
| i9                               | int4                             |
4 |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----
--+

Is it right ?

Regards.

Hiroshi Inoue
Inoue@tpf.co.jp



