<!-- doc/src/sgml/bloom.sgml -->

<sect1 id="bloom" xreflabel="bloom">
 <title>bloom</title>

 <indexterm zone="bloom">
  <primary>bloom</primary>
 </indexterm>

 <para>
  <literal>bloom</> is a module that implements an index access method.  It comes
  as an example of custom access methods and generic WAL record usage.  But it
  is also useful in itself.
 </para>

 <sect2>
  <title>Introduction</title>

  <para>
   The implementation of a
   <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_filter">Bloom filter</ulink>
   allows fast exclusion of non-candidate tuples via signatures.
   Since a signature is a lossy representation of all indexed attributes,
   search results must be rechecked using heap information.
   The user can specify signature length in bits (default 80, maximum 4096)
   and the number of bits generated for each index column (default 2,
   maximum 4095).
  </para>

  <para>
   This index is useful if a table has many attributes and queries include
   arbitrary combinations of them.  A traditional <literal>btree</> index is
   faster than a bloom index, but it can require many indexes to support all
   possible queries where one needs only a single bloom index.  A Bloom index
   supports only equality comparison.  Since it's a signature file, and not a
   tree, it always must be read fully, but sequentially, so that index search
   performance is constant and doesn't depend on a query.
  </para>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Parameters</title>

  <para>
   <literal>bloom</> indexes accept the following parameters in the
   <literal>WITH</>
   clause.
  </para>

   <variablelist>
   <varlistentry>
    <term><literal>length</></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Length of signature in bits
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
   <variablelist>
   <varlistentry>
    <term><literal>col1 &mdash; col32</></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Number of bits generated for each index column
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Examples</title>

  <para>
   An example of an index definition is given below.
  </para>

<programlisting>
CREATE INDEX bloomidx ON tbloom USING bloom (i1,i2,i3)
       WITH (length=80, col1=2, col2=2, col3=4);
</programlisting>

  <para>
   Here, we created a bloom index with a signature length of 80 bits,
   and attributes i1 and i2 mapped to 2 bits, and attribute i3 mapped to 4 bits.
  </para>

  <para>
   Here is a fuller example of index definition and usage:
  </para>

<programlisting>
CREATE TABLE tbloom AS
SELECT
    random()::int as i1,
    random()::int as i2,
    random()::int as i3,
    random()::int as i4,
    random()::int as i5,
    random()::int as i6,
    random()::int as i7,
    random()::int as i8,
    random()::int as i9,
    random()::int as i10,
    random()::int as i11,
    random()::int as i12,
    random()::int as i13
FROM
    generate_series(1,1000);
CREATE INDEX bloomidx ON tbloom USING
             bloom (i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, i7, i8, i9, i10, i11, i12);
SELECT pg_relation_size('bloomidx');
CREATE index btree_idx ON tbloom(i1,i2,i3,i4,i5,i6,i7,i8,i9,i10,i11,i12);
SELECT pg_relation_size('btree_idx');
</programlisting>

<programlisting>
=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM tbloom WHERE i2 = 20 AND i10 = 15;
                                                   QUERY PLAN
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Bitmap Heap Scan on tbloom  (cost=1.50..5.52 rows=1 width=52) (actual time=0.057..0.057 rows=0 loops=1)
   Recheck Cond: ((i2 = 20) AND (i10 = 15))
   ->  Bitmap Index Scan on bloomidx  (cost=0.00..1.50 rows=1 width=0) (actual time=0.041..0.041 rows=9 loops=1)
         Index Cond: ((i2 = 20) AND (i10 = 15))
 Total runtime: 0.081 ms
(5 rows)
</programlisting>

  <para>
   Seqscan is slow.
  </para>

<programlisting>
=# SET enable_bitmapscan = off;
=# SET enable_indexscan = off;
=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM tbloom WHERE i2 = 20 AND i10 = 15;
                                            QUERY PLAN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Seq Scan on tbloom  (cost=0.00..25.00 rows=1 width=52) (actual time=0.162..0.162 rows=0 loops=1)
   Filter: ((i2 = 20) AND (i10 = 15))
 Total runtime: 0.181 ms
(3 rows)
</programlisting>

 <para>
  A btree index will be not used for this query.
 </para>

<programlisting>
=# DROP INDEX bloomidx;
=# CREATE INDEX btree_idx ON tbloom(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, i7, i8, i9, i10, i11, i12);
=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM tbloom WHERE i2 = 20 AND i10 = 15;
                                            QUERY PLAN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Seq Scan on tbloom (cost=0.00..25.00 rows=1 width=52) (actual time=0.210..0.210 rows=0 loops=1)
   Filter: ((i2 = 20) AND (i10 = 15))
 Total runtime: 0.250 ms
(3 rows)
</programlisting>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Opclass interface</title>

  <para>
   The Bloom opclass interface is simple.  It requires 1 supporting function:
   a hash function for the indexing datatype.  It provides 1 search operator:
   the equality operator.  The example below shows <literal>opclass</>
   definition for <literal>text</> datatype.
  </para>

<programlisting>
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS text_ops
DEFAULT FOR TYPE text USING bloom AS
    OPERATOR    1   =(text, text),
    FUNCTION    1   hashtext(text);
</programlisting>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Limitation</title>
  <para>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      For now, only opclasses for <literal>int4</>, <literal>text</> come
      with the module.  However, users may define more of them.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Only the <literal>=</literal> operator is supported for search at the
      moment.  But it's possible to add support for arrays with contains and
      intersection operations in the future.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </para>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Authors</title>

  <para>
   Teodor Sigaev <email>teodor@postgrespro.ru</email>,
   Postgres Professional, Moscow, Russia
  </para>

  <para>
   Alexander Korotkov <email>a.korotkov@postgrespro.ru</email>,
   Postgres Professional, Moscow, Russia
  </para>

  <para>
   Oleg Bartunov <email>obartunov@postgrespro.ru</email>,
   Postgres Professional, Moscow, Russia
  </para>
 </sect2>

</sect1>
