<PRE>
=======================================================
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL >= V6.1
Linux Specific
TO BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE NORMAL FAQ
=======================================================
last updated:           Wed Feb 18 13:00:00 GMT 1997

current maintainer:     Andrew C.R. Martin (martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk)
original author:        Andrew C.R. Martin (martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk)


Changes in this version (* = modified, + = new, - = removed):

+1.20)  How can I optimise for 486 or pentium processors
+3.10)  Why do I get funny rounding results in some date/time arithmetic...

This file is divided approximately as follows:
1.*)    Installing PostgreSQL
2.*)    Compiling accessory programs
3.*)    Runtime Problems


Questions answered:
1.1)    What changes do I need to make to src/Makefile.global or
        src/Makefile.custom and are there any other changes needed?
1.2)    Why do I get problems with missing libreadline?
1.3)    [REDHAT] Why do I get problems with missing libdl and dlfcn.h?
1.4)    [SLACKWARE 3.1] Why do I get problems with missing libdl and dlfcn.h?
1.5)    My compile of the backend dies complaining about the include file
        dlfcn.h missing
1.6)    GCC complains about an ignored option -fpic
1.7)    I get warnings of the form
        warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size
1.8)    [SuSE-Linux 4.2-4.4] Where is curses and termcap?
1.9)    Why do I get problems with ld.so?
1.10)   Why do I get `yy_flush_buffer undefined' errors?
1.11)   How do I compile PostgreSQL on an a.out system?
1.12)   Why does make fail with:
        yacc -d /disk2/PostgreSQL/src/backend/parser/gram.y
        make: /usr/bin/make: cannot execute binary file
1.13)   What are the references in X11_LIB to libsocket and libnsl in
        src/Makefile.global?
1.14)   [DEBIAN] Where is libtermcap?
1.15)   [REDHAT] Can I get PostgreSQL as an RPM?
1.16)   While trying to compile a development version under Linux, compilation
        fails with a message like:
        In file included from /usr/include/sys/sem.h:8,
                 from ipc.c:37:
        /usr/include/asm/bitops.h:32: warning: no previous prototype for Set_bit'
        ....
        make: *** [ipc.o] Error 1
1.17)   When compiling postgres, gcc reports signal 11 and aborts.
1.18)   Can I install 6.1.1 under MkLinux?
1.19)   Why does make exit or crash?
1.20)   How can I optimise for 486 or pentium processors
2.1)    The linker fails to find libX11 when compiling pgtclsh
3.1)    I get an error reporting _fUnKy_POSTPORT_sTuFf_ undefined when 
        running scripts like createuser
3.2)    I run postmaster and after that system says 'Bad system call(Core 
        dumped)'
3.3)    When I try to start the Postmaster, why do I get an error of the form
        Failed Assertion("!(file != 0):(null)", File:
        "/usr/local/PostgreSQL/src/backend/storage/file/fd.c", Line: 257)
        !(file != 0) (0)
        initdb: could not create template database
        initdb: cleaning up.
3.4)    Why doesn't createuser work?
3.5)    Why do I get an error like:
        IpcMemoryCreate: memKey=155356396 , size=760632 ,
        permission=384IpcMemoryCreate: shmget(..., create, ...)
        failed: Invalid argument
3.6)    Why does psql fail with:
        psql: can't load library 'libpq.so.1'
3.7)    Other strange behaviour
3.8)    When PostgreSQL is running when the system is shutdown, Linux
        always fsck's the disk when rebooted.
3.9)    Why does Query 32 in the regression tests take so long?
3.10)   Why do I get funny rounding results in some date/time arithmetic,
        such as
           select '4 hours'::timespan;
        returning '3 hours 59 minutes 60 seconds'?

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 1:      Compiling PostgreSQL
----------------------------------------------------------------------

1.1)    What changes do I need to make to src/Makefile.global or
        src/Makefile.custom and are there any other changes needed?

	Changes to the makefiles are most easily made by running the 
        customize shell script in the src directory which will write a
	Makefile.custom for you.

        The only other change you may have to make is to replace 
        Flex if you have version 2.5.3 which has a bug which generally
        manifests itself as createuser failing (See Question 3.4)

        If you modify the makefiles by hand, you *must* set the 
        following variable:
                PORTNAME=       linux

        You will also need to change the following to match your own
        installation:
                POSTGRESDIR

        If you switch on the USE_TCL option, you will need to set these:
                TCL_INCDIR=
                TCL_LIBDIR=
                TCL_LIB=
                TK_INCDIR=
                TK_LIBDIR=
                TK_LIB=
                X11_INCDIR=
                X11_LIBDIR=
                X11_LIB=

        On my Slackware3.0 system, these are:
                TCL_INCDIR=     /usr/include/tcl
                TCL_LIBDIR=     /usr/lib
                TCL_LIB=        -ltcl
                TK_INCDIR=      /usr/include/tcl
                TK_LIBDIR=      /usr/lib
                TK_LIB=         -ltk
                X11_INCDIR=     /usr/include/X11
                X11_LIBDIR=     /usr/X386/lib
                X11_LIB=        -lX11
 
        You may also make any other changes you need as documented in
        the INSTALL file and in Makefile.global


1.2)    Why do I get problems with missing libreadline?

        Linux systems generally don't come with the GNU readline library
        installed. Either ensure you do not activate the readline options
        in src/Makefile.global or src/Makefile.custom or install the GNU 
        readline library.

        Note that Debian Linux (like FreeBSD) does come with readline
        installed.

1.3)    [REDHAT] Why do I get problems with missing libdl and dlfcn.h?

        This manifests itself as being unable to link with functions
        such as dlopen(), dlclose(), etc. during the last phase of the
        compilation.

        The libdl library is used for dynamic linking of user-supplied
        functions at run-time. For some reason this library was missed out
        from the Redhat distribution. It seems that the latest Redhat 4.0
        (Colgate) fixes this.

        RedHat now have a new ld.so RPM package on their FTP site.
        Simply grab:

                ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/devel/i386/RedHat/RPMS/ld.so-1.7.14-4.i386.rpm

        Install the RPM file in the usual way and off you go!

        NOTE! You will have to re-run configure and do a make clean
        after installing the library and before recompiling.

        There has been one report of a corrupted system resulting from
        programs accessing these libraries while updating them (not
        altogether surprising). Consequently it is a good idea to reboot 
        the system before installing the new libraries and to
        have as little running as possible during this upgrade. Going
        into single-user mode is probably a good idea!

        If you want to do it the hard way, you can obtain the library and the 
        header file from:
        
                ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/ld.so-1.7.14.tar.gz

        Alternatively, you may find precompiled binaries in 
        distributions/debian/buzz/binary-i386/base/ld.so-1.7.14-4.deb
        on the same site, or follow the instructions given for question 1.2 for
        correcting the same error with early releases of Slackware 3.1.
        Don't use this method unless you know what you are doing!



1.4)    [SLACKWARE 3.1] Why do I get problems with missing libdl and dlfcn.h?

        This manifests itself as being unable to link with functions
        such as dlopen(), dlclose(), etc. during the last phase of the
        compilation.

        See the answer to question 1.3. Slackware up to version 3.0 was 
        supplied with this library and include file and they seem to be
        back in again in the latest versions of 3.1, but the early 3.1
        releases (before 9th September 1996) had them missing and many 
        CD-ROM versions will have been pressed from the first 3.1 releases.

        There has been one report of a corrupted system resulting from
        programs accessing these libraries while updating them (not
        altogether surprising). Consequently it is a good idea to reboot 
        the system before installing the new libraries and to
        have as little running as possible during this upgrade. Going
        into single-user mode is probably a good idea!

        The easiest fix is to obtain the file ldso.tgz from the a4 disk of
        a more recent Slackware distribution and unpack this file
        from the root (/) directory, then do

                sh install/doinst.sh

        to complete the installation. Follow this with

                ldconfig

        NOTE! You will have to re-run configure and do a make clean
        after installing the library and before recompiling.

        If you want to install manually, you must first install the file
        dlfcn.h in /usr/include.

        Second, install the file libdl.so.1.7.14 (or whatever the latest
        release is) in /lib, then do:

                cd /lib
                ln -sf libdl.so.1.7.14 libdl.so.1
                ln -sf libdl.so.1 libdl.so

        On some systems (depending on your GCC configuration) it may be
        necessary to do:

                cd /usr/lib
                ln -sf /lib/libdl.so .

        Finally

                ldconfig

        NOTE! You will have to re-run configure and do a make clean
        after installing the library and before recompiling.


1.5)    My compile of the backend dies complaining about the include file 
        dlfcn.h missing

        See the answer to question 1.3/1.4. Don't forget that if you are using
        an a.out system you must first have installed the dld package
        (which is not supplied with most a.out systems) to have dlfcn.h
        at all. See Question 1.11.


1.6)    GCC complains about an ignored option -fpic

        Earlier versions of GCC accepted either -fpic or -fPIC.
        It appears that more recent versions (V2.7.2?) require -fPIC. 
        If you are using an ELF version of Linux, this can safely be 
        ignored as -fPIC is the default.

        You can correct this by editing src/Makefile.global and 
        changing CFLAGS_SL


1.7)    I get warnings of the form 
        warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size

        These were seen in earlier versions of Postgres95 and could
        safely be ignored. PostgreSQL V6.0 should compile with no warnings
        except those related to system header files (which can also
        be safely ignored).

1.8)    [SuSE-Linux 4.2-4.4] Where is curses and termcap?

        SuSE-Linux 4.2 has ncurses but not curses. 4.4 appears to have both.
        SuSE-Linux also has the termcap library is in /usr/lib/termcap 
        instead of in /usr/lib.

        PostgreSQL (up to V6.0)
        -----------------------
        Set the value of CURSES_LIB in src/Makefile.custom to -lncurses 
        (or do this through the customize script).
        Add the following line to src/Makefile.custom:

                LDADD_BE+= -L/usr/lib/termcap

        You may need to edit src/bin/psql/Makefile and change:
                ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux)
                   LD_ADD+=
        to:
                ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux)
                   LD_ADD+= -ltermcap

        PostgreSQL (V6.1)
        -----------------
        The configure script doesn't know to look in /usr/lib/termcap for
        the termcap library, so you should specify this as one of the
        library directories when asked for additional directories to
        search.

        If this doesn't work (I don't have SuSE to verify that it does)
        then after running configure, you need to edit
        src/Makefile.global and add -ltermcap to the LDFLAGS line
        (after -lreadline). (Alternatively, you can modify 
        src/Makefile.custom before running configure.)

        Some versions of SuSE provide only ncurses, so you may need
        to force use of ncurses rather than curses by changing 
        -lcurses to -lncurses. (Reported true for SuSE 5.1)


1.9)    Why do I get problems with ld.so?

        If you get problems with ld.so, another library required under
        ELF for dynamic loading, then you have messed up your installation
        or (more likely) upgrade of Linux.

        See the answers to Question 1.3/1.4. You may need to install
        ld.so.x.y.z in /lib and run ldconfig.

        The most recent stable release of the ld package is 1.7.14
        At the time of writing, 1.8.x versions of ld are experimental.

1.10)   Why do I get `yy_flush_buffer undefined' errors?

        This isn't really Linux specific, but is common on older Linux
        installations. You must have a recent version of flex (2.5.2 or later)
        to compile PostgreSQL. Note that flex 2.5.3 has a bug: see
        Question 3.4.

1.11)   How do I compile PostgreSQL on an a.out system?

        First, you must install the dld library. This may be obtained
        from Sunsite as:
        Linux/libs/dld.3.2.7.tar.gz
        (ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/libs/dld.3.2.7.tar.gz)

        Second, add the following line to src/Makefile.custom:
                LINUX_ELF=
        (or use the customize script)

1.12)   Why does make fail with:
        yacc -d /disk2/PostgreSQL/src/backend/parser/gram.y
        make: /usr/bin/make: cannot execute binary file

        This was a problem in earlier versions of Postgres95. The default
        for PostgreSQL is to use bison -y rather than yacc.

        yacc is generally implemented as a script which invokes bison -y
        For some reason (certain versions of make? certain versions of 
        bash?) make is unable to execute this script file.

        To correct this, simply edit src/mk/port/postgres.mk.linux
        and, at the end of the file, change:
                # YACC = bison -y
        to
                YACC = bison -y

1.13)   What are the references in X11_LIB to libsocket and libnsl in
        src/Makefile.global?

        This was a problem in 1.08 (they are Sun Solaris specific). 
        It is fixed in 1.09 and 6.0

1.14)   [DEBIAN] Where is libtermcap?

        Debian Linux comes without the termcap library and uses ncurses
        (which uses terminfo instead). There is no need to change the 
        CURSES_LIB variable in src/bin/psql/Makefile since Debian provides 
        a link from libncurses to libcurses (unlike SuSE-Linux --- see
        Question 1.8).

        You may need to edit src/bin/psql/Makefile and comment out the
        change:
                ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux)
                   LD_ADD+= -ltermcap
        to:
                ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux)
                   LD_ADD+=


1.15)   [REDHAT] Can I get PostgreSQL as an RPM?

        Yes! Michal Mosiewicz <mimo@lodz.pdi.net>
        (http://www.pdi.lodz.pl/~mimo) has kindly put together an RPM
        for PostgreSQL V6.0 on Intel architectures which he has uploaded to 
        ftp://ftp.redhat.org/pub/Incoming/Postgres-6.0-1.i386.rpm

        This is a pre-compiled version, the source RPM is on its
        was as I write (3rd Feb 1997).

1.16)   While trying to compile a development version under Linux, compilation
        fails with a message like:
        In file included from /usr/include/sys/sem.h:8,
                 from ipc.c:37:
        /usr/include/asm/bitops.h:32: warning: no previous prototype for Set_bit'
        ....
        make: *** [ipc.o] Error 1

        The problem is that Linux provides no prototypes for these
        inline functions. The solution is to go into the 
        .../src/backend/storage/ipc directory and edit the Makefile.
        Change the line
           CFLAGS+=$(INCLUDE_OPT)
        to
           CFLAGS+=$(INCLUDE_OPT) -Wno-error

        Do the same in the ../src/backend/storage/lmgr directory.

1.17)   When compiling postgres, gcc reports signal 11 and aborts.
        More specifically:
           gcc: Internal compiler error: program cc1 got fatal 
                signal 11

        This may be a hardware/memory problem. PortgreSQL is a big
        program, and large gcc compilations (such as building
        PostgreSQL or bebuilding the kernel) stress memory like 
        few other programs, resulting in errors that do not occur
        in normal operation. Lesser operating systems are also
        unlikely to stress the hardware to this degree so you
        may never see any problems under DOS/Windows.

        More information on this problem at:
           http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11

1.18)   Can I install 6.1.1 under MkLinux?

        Tatsuo Ishii <t-ishii@sra.co.jp> has done this under 
        MkLinux DR2.1 update2 after a small patch available from:
        ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/cmd/postgres/6.1.1/mklinux.patch.gz

1.19)   Why does make exit or crash?

        There have been a couple of reports of gmake either just
        exiting early or seg faulting. The latter problem was reported
        with gmake 3.74 - upgrading to 3.76.1 solved the problem. 
        However, 3.74 is known to work fine in other people's setups.
        In short, try upgrading gmake to the latest version you can 
        find before reporting this as a problem

1.20)   How can I optimise for 486 or pentium processors

        The default compiler flags perform no optimisation for 486
        or Pentium processors. To add such optimisation, edit
        Makefile.custom and add:

           CFLAGS+= -m486

        or (for the new compilers that most people are not yet running)

           CFLAGS+= -mpentium
        or
           CFLAGS+= -mpentiumpro

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 2:      Compiling accessory programs
----------------------------------------------------------------------

2.1)    The linker fails to find libX11 when compiling pgtclsh

        Add the following to src/Makefile.custom
                X11_LIBDIR = /usr/X11R6/lib


----------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 3:      Runtime Problems
----------------------------------------------------------------------

3.1)    I get an error reporting _fUnKy_POSTPORT_sTuFf_ undefined when 
        running scripts like createuser

        This is a bug in V1.06-V1.07 of Postgres and is fixed in V1.08
        and above.

3.2)    I run postmaster and after that system says 'Bad system call(Core 
        dumped)'

        This indicates that you have not compiled shared memory support 
        into your kernel. You need to recompile the Linux kernel to add this 
        feature.


3.3)    When I try to start the Postmaster, why do I get an error of the form
        Failed Assertion("!(file != 0):(null)", File: 
        "/usr/local/PostgreSQL/src/backend/storage/file/fd.c", Line: 257)
        !(file != 0) (0)
        initdb: could not create template database
        initdb: cleaning up.

        Your permissions on the file /dev/null are wrong. 

        ls -l /dev/null should give you something like:

                crw-rw-rw-  1 root  wheel    2,   2 Oct  8 18:41 /dev/null

        Correct the permissions using:

                chmod a+rw /dev/null

3.4)    Why doesn't createuser work?

        There is a problem with Version 2.5.3 of GNU flex and createuser. 
        Your options are to downgrade flex to V2.5.2, upgrade to V2.5.4
        or apply a patch to V2.5.3 which is supplied in doc/README.flex
        You may obtain V2.5.4 from
        ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/flex-2.5.4.tar.gz

3.5)    Why do I get an error like:
        IpcMemoryCreate: memKey=155356396 , size=760632 ,
        permission=384IpcMemoryCreate: shmget(..., create, ...)
        failed: Invalid argument

        You haven't build IPC support into your Linux kernel. You
        will have to rebuild the kernel and switch on this option.

3.6)    Why does psql fail with:
        psql: can't load library 'libpq.so.1'

	Psql has been compiled to link dynamically with the libpq
	library.

	To solve this, you should log in as root and edit the file
		/etc/ld.so.conf
	Add a single line at the end which gives the name of the
	PostgreSQL library directory (the lib subdirectory of your
	PostgreSQL installation) and run
		/sbin/ldconfig -v

        Alternatively, (and if you don't have root access), you may
        use the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable.

        The LD_LIBRARY_PATH variable contains a colon separated list of
        paths to be searched for shared libraries.  This list is 
        searched before the libraries specified by ldconfig.

        Therefore under Bash, you would do something like:
                export LD_LIBRARY_PATH='PathToPGSQL'/lib
        or, using tcsh
                setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH 'PathToPGSQL'/lib
        replacing 'PathToPGSQL' with the appropriate path to your top level
        PostgreSQL directory

        Note that the ldd command can be used on a dynamically linked
        executable to list the paths to all the shared libraries upon
        which the executable depends.


3.7)    Other strange behaviour

        I'm not sure what the symptoms might be except for nothing 
        working properly, but it has been pointed out that one needs
        to be careful that the dynamic loader loads the correct version
        of the libpq library. If you have old versions lying around
        in your library path (for example in /usr/lib) these may get
        loaded instead of the new version you intended to load. Make
        sure you get them out of the way and look at Q3.6 for 
        details of loading libraries.

3.8)    When PostgreSQL is running when the system is shutdown, Linux
        always fsck's the disk when rebooted.

        There have been some reports of this happening and it seems
        to be a result of running PostgreSQL from /etc/inittab as
        suggested in the INSTALL document.

        You are therefore recommended to start the postmaster from an
        rc script. Under a Slackware-like release, you would modify
        /etc/rc.d/rc.local to start the postmaster. Under a RedHat-like
        release you should create a SysV style script in 
        /etc/rc.d/rc3.d based on the /etc/rc.d/init.d skeleton file.

        There's a sample file in contrib/linux/postgres.init

        Here's another sample file supplied by John Robinson 
        <john@intelligent.co.uk> which you should modify as needed:

#!/bin/sh
#
# postgreSQL.init This shell script takes care of starting and stopping
#               the PostgreSQL postmaster.
#

# Source function library.
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions

# Source networking configuration.
. /etc/sysconfig/network

# Check that networking is up.
[ ${NETWORKING} = "no" ] && exit 0

# See how we were called.
case "$1" in
  start)
        # Start daemons.
        echo -n "Starting postgres Postmaster daemon:"
        if [ -z "`pidofproc postmaster`" ]
        then
                su postgres -c "/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster -D /home/postgreSQL/data -p 5432 &"
                echo -n " postmaster"
        else
                echo -n " (already running)"
        fi
        echo
        touch /var/lock/subsys/postgres
        ;;
  stop)
        # Stop daemons.
        echo -n "Shutting down postgres Postmaster daemon: "
        killall -TERM postmaster 2>/dev/null
        killall -TERM postgres 2>/dev/null
        echo
        rm -f /var/lock/subsys/postgres
        ;;
  *)
        echo "Usage: postgres {start|stop}"
        exit 1
esac

exit 0



3.9)    Why does Query 32 in the regression tests take so long?

        This is due to a bug in regression scripts which only happens
        on linux boxes. There are two workarounds as far as I know
        (information from Tatsuo Ishii <t-ishii@sra.co.jp>):

        1. change following in regress.sh:
                time postgres -texecutor -tplanner -Q bench < bench.sql
        to:
                postgres -texecutor -tplanner -Q bench < bench.sql

        2. after running the test, remove a line at the very end of
        bench.out something like:
                85.86user 114.47system 4:49.20elapsed 69%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 0maxresident)k
        then type:
                sh ./perquery < bench.out > & bench.out.perquery



3.10)   Why do I get funny rounding results in some date/time arithmetic,
        such as
           select '4 hours'::timespan;
        returning '3 hours 59 minutes 60 seconds'?

        You are running the new glibc2 libraries and have a version earlier than
        2.0.7. It is a math rounding problem in the library. Upgrade your library.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dr. Andrew C.R. Martin                             University College London
EMAIL: (Work) martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk    (Home) andrew@stagleys.demon.co.uk
URL:   http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin
Tel:   (Work) +44(0)171 419 3890                    (Home) +44(0)1372 275775
</PRE>
