From tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us Mon Jun 14 20:50:41 1999
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To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
cc: Roman.Hodek@informatik.uni-erlangen.de, olly@lfix.co.uk,
        PostgreSQL-development <pgsql-hackers@postgreSQL.org>
Subject: Cleaning up function interface (was Re: Patch for m68k architecture)
In-reply-to: Your message of Mon, 14 Jun 1999 17:53:25 -0400 (EDT) 
             <199906142153.RAA16276@candle.pha.pa.us> 
Date: Mon, 14 Jun 1999 20:51:06 -0400
Message-ID: <21504.929407866@sss.pgh.pa.us>
From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Status: RO

Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us> writes:
>> ANSI C says results are undefined if you call a function via pointer
>> and the pointer is declared to return another type than the function
>> actually returns. So m68k compilers conform to the standard here.

> Yes, we admit that we break the standard with fmgr_ptr, because we
> return a variety of values depending on what function they call.  It
> appears the egcs optimization on the powerpc or alpha cause a problem
> when optimization is -O2, but not -O.  We may see more platforms with
> problems as optimizers get smarter.

Seeing as how we also know that the function-call interface ought to be
redesigned to handle NULLs better, maybe we should just bite the bullet
and fix all of these problems at once by adopting a new standard
interface for everything that can be called via fmgr.  It'd uglify the
code, no doubt, but I think we are starting to see an accumulation of
problems that justify doing something.

Here is a straw-man proposal:

        Datum function (bool  *resultnull,
                        Datum *args,
                        bool  *argnull,
                        int    nargs)

args[i] is the i'th parameter, or undefined (perhaps always 0?)
when argnull[i] is true.  The function is responsible for setting
*resultnull, and returns a Datum value if *resultnull is false.
Most standard functions could ignore nargs since they'd know what it
should be, but we ought to pass it for flexibility.

A useful addition to this scheme would be for fmgr to preset *resultnull
to the OR of the input argnull[] array just before calling the function.
In the typical case where the function is "strict" (ie, result is NULL
if any input is NULL), this would save the function from having to look
at argnull[] at all; it'd just check *resultnull and immediately return
if true.

As an example, int4 addition goes from

int32
int4pl(int32 arg1, int32 arg2)
{
    return arg1 + arg2;
}

to

Datum
int4pl (bool *resultnull, Datum *args, bool *argnull, int nargs)
{
    if (*resultnull)
        return (Datum) 0;        /* value doesn't really matter ... */
    /* we can ignore argnull and nargs */

    return Int32GetDatum(DatumGetInt32(args[0]) + DatumGetInt32(args[1]));
}

This is, of course, much uglier than the existing code, but we might be
able to improve matters with some well-chosen macros for the boilerplate
parts.  What we actually end up writing might look something like

Datum
int4pl (PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    PG_STRICT_FUNCTION(			/* encapsulates null check */
        PG_ARG0_INT32;
        PG_ARG1_INT32;

	PG_RESULT_INT32( arg0 + arg1 );
    );
}

where the macros expand to things like "int32 arg0 = DatumGetInt32(args[0])"
and "return Int32GetDatum( x )".  It'd be worth a little thought to
try to set up a group of macros like that, I think.

			regards, tom lane

From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Wed Sep 22 20:31:02 1999
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To: pgsql-hackers@postgreSQL.org
Subject: [HACKERS] Progress report: buffer refcount bugs and SQL functions
Date: Wed, 22 Sep 1999 20:05:39 -0400
Message-ID: <6408.938045139@sss.pgh.pa.us>
From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Sender: owner-pgsql-hackers@postgreSQL.org
Precedence: bulk
Status: RO

I have been finding a lot of interesting stuff while looking into
the buffer reference count/leakage issue.

It turns out that there were two specific things that were camouflaging
the existence of bugs in this area:

1. The BufferLeakCheck routine that's run at transaction commit was
only looking for nonzero PrivateRefCount to indicate a missing unpin.
It failed to notice nonzero LastRefCount --- which meant that an
error in refcount save/restore usage could leave a buffer pinned,
and BufferLeakCheck wouldn't notice.

2. The BufferIsValid macro, which you'd think just checks whether
it's handed a valid buffer identifier or not, actually did more:
it only returned true if the buffer ID was valid *and* the buffer
had positive PrivateRefCount.  That meant that the common pattern
	if (BufferIsValid(buf))
		ReleaseBuffer(buf);
wouldn't complain if it were handed a valid but already unpinned buffer.
And that behavior masks bugs that result in buffers being unpinned too
early.  For example, consider a sequence like

1. LockBuffer (buffer now has refcount 1).  Store reference to
   a tuple on that buffer page in a tuple table slot.
2. Copy buffer reference to a second tuple-table slot, but forget to
   increment buffer's refcount.
3. Release second tuple table slot.  Buffer refcount drops to 0,
   so it's unpinned.
4. Release original tuple slot.  Because of BufferIsValid behavior,
   no assert happens here; in fact nothing at all happens.

This is, of course, buggy code: during the interval from 3 to 4 you
still have an apparently valid tuple reference in the original slot,
which someone might try to use; but the buffer it points to is unpinned
and could be replaced at any time by another backend.

In short, we had errors that would mask both missing-pin bugs and
missing-unpin bugs.  And naturally there were a few such bugs lurking
behind them...

3. The buffer refcount save/restore stuff, which I had suspected
was useless, is not only useless but also buggy.  The reason it's
buggy is that it only works if used in a nested fashion.  You could
save state A, pin some buffers, save state B, pin some more
buffers, restore state B (thereby unpinning what you pinned since
the save), and finally restore state A (unpinning the earlier stuff).
What you could not do is save state A, pin, save B, pin more, then
restore state A --- that might unpin some of A's buffers, or some
of B's buffers, or some unforeseen combination thereof.  If you
restore A and then restore B, you do not necessarily return to a zero-
pins state, either.  And it turns out the actual usage pattern was a
nearly random sequence of saves and restores, compounded by a failure to
do all of the restores reliably (which was masked by the oversight in
BufferLeakCheck).


What I have done so far is to rip out the buffer refcount save/restore
support (including LastRefCount), change BufferIsValid to a simple
validity check (so that you get an assert if you unpin something that
was pinned), change ExecStoreTuple so that it increments the refcount
when it is handed a buffer reference (for symmetry with ExecClearTuple's
decrement of the refcount), and fix about a dozen bugs exposed by these
changes.

I am still getting Buffer Leak notices in the "misc" regression test,
specifically in the queries that invoke more than one SQL function.
What I find there is that SQL functions are not always run to
completion.  Apparently, when a function can return multiple tuples,
it won't necessarily be asked to produce them all.  And when it isn't,
postquel_end() isn't invoked for the function's current query, so its
tuple table isn't cleared, so we have dangling refcounts if any of the
tuples involved are in disk buffers.

It may be that the save/restore code was a misguided attempt to fix
this problem.  I can't tell.  But I think what we really need to do is
find some way of ensuring that Postquel function execution contexts
always get shut down by the end of the query, so that they don't leak
resources.

I suppose a straightforward approach would be to keep a list of open
function contexts somewhere (attached to the outer execution context,
perhaps), and clean them up at outer-plan shutdown.

What I am wondering, though, is whether this addition is actually
necessary, or is it a bug that the functions aren't run to completion
in the first place?  I don't really understand the semantics of this
"nested dot notation".  I suppose it is a Berkeleyism; I can't find
anything about it in the SQL92 document.  The test cases shown in the
misc regress test seem peculiar, not to say wrong.  For example:

regression=> SELECT p.hobbies.equipment.name, p.hobbies.name, p.name FROM person p;
name         |name       |name
-------------+-----------+-----
advil        |posthacking|mike
peet's coffee|basketball |joe
hightops     |basketball |sally
(3 rows)

which doesn't appear to agree with the contents of the underlying
relations:

regression=> SELECT * FROM hobbies_r;
name       |person
-----------+------
posthacking|mike
posthacking|jeff
basketball |joe
basketball |sally
skywalking |
(5 rows)

regression=> SELECT * FROM equipment_r;
name         |hobby
-------------+-----------
advil        |posthacking
peet's coffee|posthacking
hightops     |basketball
guts         |skywalking
(4 rows)

I'd have expected an output along the lines of

advil        |posthacking|mike
peet's coffee|posthacking|mike
hightops     |basketball |joe
hightops     |basketball |sally

Is the regression test's expected output wrong, or am I misunderstanding
what this query is supposed to do?  Is there any documentation anywhere
about how SQL functions returning multiple tuples are supposed to
behave?

			regards, tom lane

************


From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Thu Sep 23 11:03:19 1999
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To: Andreas Zeugswetter <andreas.zeugswetter@telecom.at>
cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org
Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Progress report: buffer refcount bugs and SQL functions 
In-reply-to: Your message of Thu, 23 Sep 1999 10:07:24 +0200 
             <37E9DFBC.5C0978F@telecom.at> 
Date: Thu, 23 Sep 1999 10:51:10 -0400
Message-ID: <14209.938098270@sss.pgh.pa.us>
From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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Status: RO

Andreas Zeugswetter <andreas.zeugswetter@telecom.at> writes:
> That is what I use it for. I have never used it with a 
> returns setof function, but reading the comments in the regression test,
> -- mike needs advil and peet's coffee,
> -- joe and sally need hightops, and
> -- everyone else is fine.
> it looks like the results you expected are correct, and currently the 
> wrong result is given.

Yes, I have concluded the same (and partially fixed it, per my previous
message).

> Those that don't have a hobbie should return name|NULL|NULL. A hobbie
> that does'nt need equipment name|hobbie|NULL.

That's a good point.  Currently (both with and without my uncommitted
fix) you get *no* rows out from ExecTargetList if there are any Iters
that return empty result sets.  It might be more reasonable to treat an
empty result set as if it were NULL, which would give the behavior you
suggest.

This would be an easy change to my current patch, and I'm prepared to
make it before committing what I have, if people agree that that's a
more reasonable definition.  Comments?

			regards, tom lane

************


From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Thu Sep 23 04:31:15 1999
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Date: Thu, 23 Sep 1999 10:07:24 +0200
From: Andreas Zeugswetter <andreas.zeugswetter@telecom.at>
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To: hackers@postgreSQL.org
Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Progress report: buffer refcount bugs and SQL functions
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> Is the regression test's expected output wrong, or am I 
> misunderstanding
> what this query is supposed to do?  Is there any 
> documentation anywhere
> about how SQL functions returning multiple tuples are supposed to
> behave?

They are supposed to behave somewhat like a view.
Not all rows are necessarily fetched.
If used in a context that needs a single row answer,
and the answer has multiple rows it is supposed to 
runtime elog. Like in:

select * from tbl where col=funcreturningmultipleresults();
-- this must elog

while this is ok:
select * from tbl where col in (select funcreturningmultipleresults());

But the caller could only fetch the first row if he wanted.

The nested notation is supposed to call the function passing it the tuple
as the first argument. This is what can be used to "fake" a column
onto a table (computed column). 
That is what I use it for. I have never used it with a 
returns setof function, but reading the comments in the regression test,
-- mike needs advil and peet's coffee,
-- joe and sally need hightops, and
-- everyone else is fine.
it looks like the results you expected are correct, and currently the 
wrong result is given.

But I think this query could also elog whithout removing substantial
functionality. 

SELECT p.name, p.hobbies.name, p.hobbies.equipment.name FROM person p;

Actually for me it would be intuitive, that this query return one row per 
person, but elog on those that have more than one hobbie or a hobbie that 
needs more than one equipment. Those that don't have a hobbie should 
return name|NULL|NULL. A hobbie that does'nt need equipment name|hobbie|NULL.

Andreas

************


From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Wed Sep 22 22:01:07 1999
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From: wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck)
Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Progress report: buffer refcount bugs and SQL functions
To: tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us (Tom Lane)
Date: Thu, 23 Sep 1999 03:19:39 +0200 (MET DST)
Cc: pgsql-hackers@postgreSQL.org
Reply-To: wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck)
In-Reply-To: <6408.938045139@sss.pgh.pa.us> from "Tom Lane" at Sep 22, 99 08:05:39 pm
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Tom Lane wrote:

> [...]
>
> What I am wondering, though, is whether this addition is actually
> necessary, or is it a bug that the functions aren't run to completion
> in the first place?  I don't really understand the semantics of this
> "nested dot notation".  I suppose it is a Berkeleyism; I can't find
> anything about it in the SQL92 document.  The test cases shown in the
> misc regress test seem peculiar, not to say wrong.  For example:
>
> [...]
>
> Is the regression test's expected output wrong, or am I misunderstanding
> what this query is supposed to do?  Is there any documentation anywhere
> about how SQL functions returning multiple tuples are supposed to
> behave?

    I've  said some time (maybe too long) ago, that SQL functions
    returning tuple sets are broken in general. This  nested  dot
    notation  (which  I  think  is  an artefact from the postquel
    querylanguage) is implemented via set functions.

    Set functions have total different semantics from  all  other
    functions.   First  they  don't  really return a tuple set as
    someone might think  -  all  that  screwed  up  code  instead
    simulates  that  they  return  something you could consider a
    scan of the last SQL statement in  the  function.   Then,  on
    each  subsequent call inside of the same command, they return
    a "tupletable slot" containing the next found  tuple  (that's
    why their Func node is mangled up after the first call).

    Second  they  have  a  targetlist what I think was originally
    intended to extract attributes out  of  the  tuples  returned
    when  the above scan is asked to get the next tuple. But as I
    read the code it invokes the function again  and  this  might
    cause the resource leakage you see.

    Third,   all  this  seems  to  never  have  been  implemented
    (thought?) to the end. A targetlist  doesn't  make  sense  at
    this place because it could at max contain a single attribute
    - so a single attno would have the same  power.  And  if  set
    functions  could appear in the rangetable (FROM clause), than
    they would be treated as that and regular Var  nodes  in  the
    query would do it.

    I  think  you  shouldn't really care for that regression test
    and maybe we should disable set  functions  until  we  really
    implement stored procedures returning sets in the rangetable.

    Set  functions  where  planned  by  Stonebraker's   team   as
    something  that  today is called stored procedures. But AFAIK
    they never reached the useful state because even in  Postgres
    4.2  you haven't been able to get more than one attribute out
    of a  set  function.   It  was  a  feature  of  the  postquel
    querylanguage  that  you  could  get one attribute from a set
    function via

        RETRIEVE (attributename(setfuncname()))

    While working on the constraint  triggers  I've  came  across
    another  regression test (triggers :-) that's errorneous too.
    The funny_dup17 trigger proc executes an INSERT into the same
    relation  where it get fired for by a previous INSERT. And it
    stops this recursion only if it reaches a  nesting  level  of
    17,  which  could  only  occur  if  it  is  fired  DURING the
    execution of it's own SPI_exec(). After  Vadim  quouted  some
    SQL92  definitions  about when constraint checks and triggers
    are to be executed, I decided to fire regular triggers at the
    end  of  a  query  too.  Thus, there is absolutely no nesting
    possible for AFTER triggers resulting in an endless loop.


Jan

--

#======================================================================#
# It's easier to get forgiveness for being wrong than for being right. #
# Let's break this rule - forgive me.                                  #
#========================================= wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck) #



************


From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Thu Sep 23 11:01:06 1999
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To: wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck)
cc: pgsql-hackers@postgreSQL.org
Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Progress report: buffer refcount bugs and SQL functions 
In-reply-to: Your message of Thu, 23 Sep 1999 03:19:39 +0200 (MET DST) 
             <m11TxXw-0003kLC@orion.SAPserv.Hamburg.dsh.de> 
Date: Thu, 23 Sep 1999 10:18:01 -0400
Message-ID: <13251.938096281@sss.pgh.pa.us>
From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
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Status: RO

wieck@debis.com (Jan Wieck) writes:
> Tom Lane wrote:
>> What I am wondering, though, is whether this addition is actually
>> necessary, or is it a bug that the functions aren't run to completion
>> in the first place?

>     I've  said some time (maybe too long) ago, that SQL functions
>     returning tuple sets are broken in general.

Indeed they are.  Try this on for size (using the regression database):

	SELECT p.name, p.hobbies.equipment.name FROM person p;
	SELECT p.hobbies.equipment.name, p.name FROM person p;

You get different result sets!?

The problem in this example is that ExecTargetList returns the isDone
flag from the last targetlist entry, regardless of whether there are
incomplete iterations in previous entries.  More generally, the buffer
leak problem that I started with only occurs if some Iter nodes are not
run to completion --- but execQual.c has no mechanism to make sure that
they have all reached completion simultaneously.

What we really need to make functions-returning-sets work properly is
an implementation somewhat like aggregate functions.  We need to make
a list of all the Iter nodes present in a targetlist and cycle through
the values returned by each in a methodical fashion (run the rightmost
through its full cycle, then advance the next-to-rightmost one value,
run the rightmost through its cycle again, etc etc).  Also there needs
to be an understanding of the hierarchy when an Iter appears in the
arguments of another Iter's function.  (You cycle the upper one for
*each* set of arguments created by cycling its sub-Iters.)

I am not particularly interested in working on this feature right now,
since AFAIK it's a Berkeleyism not found in SQL92.  What I've done
is to hack ExecTargetList so that it behaves semi-sanely when there's
more than one Iter at the top level of the target list --- it still
doesn't really give the right answer, but at least it will keep
generating tuples until all the Iters are done at the same time.
It happens that that's enough to give correct answers for the examples
shown in the misc regress test.  Even when it fails to generate all
the possible combinations, there will be no buffer leaks.

So, I'm going to declare victory and go home ;-).  We ought to add a
TODO item along the lines of
 * Functions returning sets don't really work right
in hopes that someone will feel like tackling this someday.

			regards, tom lane

************


