<!-- $PostgreSQL: pgsql/doc/src/sgml/intarray.sgml,v 1.9 2010/03/17 17:12:31 petere Exp $ -->

<sect1 id="intarray">
 <title>intarray</title>

 <indexterm zone="intarray">
  <primary>intarray</primary>
 </indexterm>

 <para>
  The <filename>intarray</> module provides a number of useful functions
  and operators for manipulating one-dimensional arrays of integers.
  There is also support for indexed searches using some of the operators.
 </para>

 <sect2>
  <title><filename>intarray</> Functions and Operators</title>

  <table id="intarray-func-table">
   <title><filename>intarray</> Functions</title>

   <tgroup cols="5">
    <thead>
     <row>
      <entry>Function</entry>
      <entry>Return Type</entry>
      <entry>Description</entry>
      <entry>Example</entry>
      <entry>Result</entry>
     </row>
    </thead>

    <tbody>
     <row>
      <entry><function>icount(int[])</function></entry>
      <entry><type>int</type></entry>
      <entry>number of elements in array</entry>
      <entry><literal>icount('{1,2,3}'::int[])</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>3</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>sort(int[], text dir)</function></entry>
      <entry><type>int[]</type></entry>
      <entry>sort array &mdash; <parameter>dir</> must be <literal>asc</> or <literal>desc</></entry>
      <entry><literal>sort('{1,2,3}'::int[], 'desc')</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>{3,2,1}</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>sort(int[])</function></entry>
      <entry><type>int[]</type></entry>
      <entry>sort in ascending order</entry>
      <entry><literal>sort(array[11,77,44])</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>{11,44,77}</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>sort_asc(int[])</function></entry>
      <entry><type>int[]</type></entry>
      <entry>sort in ascending order</entry>
      <entry><literal></literal></entry>
      <entry><literal></literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>sort_desc(int[])</function></entry>
      <entry><type>int[]</type></entry>
      <entry>sort in descending order</entry>
      <entry><literal></literal></entry>
      <entry><literal></literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>uniq(int[])</function></entry>
      <entry><type>int[]</type></entry>
      <entry>remove adjacent duplicates</entry>
      <entry><literal>uniq(sort('{1,2,3,2,1}'::int[]))</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>{1,2,3}</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>idx(int[], int item)</function></entry>
      <entry><type>int</type></entry>
      <entry>index of first element matching <parameter>item</> (0 if none)</entry>
      <entry><literal>idx(array[11,22,33,22,11], 22)</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>2</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>subarray(int[], int start, int len)</function></entry>
      <entry><type>int[]</type></entry>
      <entry>portion of array starting at position <parameter>start</>, len <parameter>elements</></entry>
      <entry><literal>subarray('{1,2,3,2,1}'::int[], 2, 3)</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>{2,3,2}</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>subarray(int[], int start)</function></entry>
      <entry><type>int[]</type></entry>
      <entry>portion of array starting at position <parameter>start</></entry>
      <entry><literal>subarray('{1,2,3,2,1}'::int[], 2)</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>{2,3,2,1}</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>intset(int)</function></entry>
      <entry><type>int[]</type></entry>
      <entry>make single-element array</entry>
      <entry><literal>intset(42)</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>{42}</literal></entry>
     </row>

    </tbody>
   </tgroup>
  </table>

  <table id="intarray-op-table">
   <title><filename>intarray</> Operators</title>

   <tgroup cols="3">
    <thead>
     <row>
      <entry>Operator</entry>
      <entry>Returns</entry>
      <entry>Description</entry>
     </row>
    </thead>

    <tbody>
     <row>
      <entry><literal>int[] &amp;&amp; int[]</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
      <entry>overlap &mdash; <literal>true</> if arrays have at least one common element</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><literal>int[] @&gt; int[]</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
      <entry>contains &mdash; <literal>true</> if left array contains right array</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><literal>int[] &lt;@ int[]</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
      <entry>contained &mdash; <literal>true</> if left array is contained in right array</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><literal># int[]</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>int</type></entry>
      <entry>number of elements in array</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><literal>int[] # int</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>int</type></entry>
      <entry>index (same as <function>idx</> function)</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><literal>int[] + int</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>int[]</type></entry>
      <entry>push element onto array (add it to end of array)</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><literal>int[] + int[]  </literal></entry>
      <entry><type>int[]</type></entry>
      <entry>array concatenation (right array added to the end of left one)</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><literal>int[] - int</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>int[]</type></entry>
      <entry>remove entries matching right argument from array</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><literal>int[] - int[]</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>int[]</type></entry>
      <entry>remove elements of right array from left</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><literal>int[] | int</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>int[]</type></entry>
      <entry>union of arguments</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><literal>int[] | int[]</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>int[]</type></entry>
      <entry>union of arrays</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><literal>int[] &amp; int[]</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>int[]</type></entry>
      <entry>intersection of arrays</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><literal>int[] @@ query_int</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
      <entry><literal>true</> if array satisfies query (see below)</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><literal>query_int ~~ int[]</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
      <entry><literal>true</> if array satisfies query (commutator of <literal>@@</>)</entry>
     </row>
    </tbody>
   </tgroup>
  </table>

  <para>
   (Before PostgreSQL 8.2, the containment operators <literal>@&gt;</> and
   <literal>&lt;@</> were respectively called <literal>@</> and <literal>~</>.
   These names are still available, but are deprecated and will eventually be
   retired.  Notice that the old names are reversed from the convention
   formerly followed by the core geometric datatypes!)
  </para>

  <para>
   The containment operators <literal>@&gt;</> and <literal>&lt;@</> are
   approximately equivalent to <productname>PostgreSQL</>'s built-in operators
   of the same names, except that they work only on integer arrays while the
   built-in operators work for any array type.  An important difference is
   that <filename>intarray</>'s operators do not consider an empty array to be
   contained in anything else.  This is consistent with the behavior of
   GIN-indexed queries, but not with the usual mathematical definition of
   containment.
  </para>

  <para>
   The <literal>@@</> and <literal>~~</> operators test whether an array
   satisfies a <firstterm>query</>, which is expressed as a value of a
   specialized data type <type>query_int</>.  A <firstterm>query</>
   consists of integer values that are checked against the elements of
   the array, possibly combined using the operators <literal>&amp;</>
   (AND), <literal>|</> (OR), and <literal>!</> (NOT).  Parentheses
   can be used as needed.  For example,
   the query <literal>1&amp;(2|3)</> matches arrays that contain 1
   and also contain either 2 or 3.
  </para>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Index Support</title>

  <para>
   <filename>intarray</> provides index support for the
   <literal>&amp;&amp;</>, <literal>@&gt;</>, <literal>&lt;@</>,
   and <literal>@@</> operators, as well as regular array equality.
  </para>

  <para>
   Two GiST index operator classes are provided:
   <literal>gist__int_ops</> (used by default) is suitable for
   small- to medium-size data sets, while
   <literal>gist__intbig_ops</> uses a larger signature and is more
   suitable for indexing large data sets (i.e., columns containing
   a large number of distinct array values).
   The implementation uses an RD-tree data structure with
   built-in lossy compression.
  </para>

  <para>
   There is also a non-default GIN operator class
   <literal>gin__int_ops</> supporting the same operators.
  </para>

  <para>
   The choice between GiST and GIN indexing depends on the relative
   performance characteristics of GiST and GIN, which are discussed elsewhere.
   As a rule of thumb, a GIN index is faster to search than a GiST index, but
   slower to build or update; so GIN is better suited for static data and GiST
   for often-updated data.
  </para>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Example</title>

  <programlisting>
-- a message can be in one or more <quote>sections</>
CREATE TABLE message (mid INT PRIMARY KEY, sections INT[], ...);

-- create specialized index
CREATE INDEX message_rdtree_idx ON message USING GIST (sections gist__int_ops);

-- select messages in section 1 OR 2 - OVERLAP operator
SELECT message.mid FROM message WHERE message.sections &amp;&amp; '{1,2}';

-- select messages in sections 1 AND 2 - CONTAINS operator
SELECT message.mid FROM message WHERE message.sections @&gt; '{1,2}';

-- the same, using QUERY operator
SELECT message.mid FROM message WHERE message.sections @@ '1&amp;2'::query_int;
  </programlisting>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Benchmark</title>

  <para>
   The source directory <filename>contrib/intarray/bench</> contains a
   benchmark test suite.  To run:
  </para>

  <programlisting>
   cd .../bench
   createdb TEST
   psql TEST &lt; ../_int.sql
   ./create_test.pl | psql TEST
   ./bench.pl
  </programlisting>

  <para>
   The <filename>bench.pl</> script has numerous options, which
   are displayed when it is run without any arguments.
  </para>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Authors</title>

  <para>
   All work was done by Teodor Sigaev (<email>teodor@sigaev.ru</email>) and
   Oleg Bartunov (<email>oleg@sai.msu.su</email>). See
   <ulink url="http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/gist/"></ulink> for
   additional information. Andrey Oktyabrski did a great work on adding new
   functions and operations.
  </para>
 </sect2>

</sect1>
