/*------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * geqo_eval.c
 *	  Routines to evaluate query trees
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2005, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/geqo/geqo_eval.c,v 1.74 2005/06/05 22:32:55 tgl Exp $
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/* contributed by:
   =*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=
   *  Martin Utesch				 * Institute of Automatic Control	   *
   =							 = University of Mining and Technology =
   *  utesch@aut.tu-freiberg.de  * Freiberg, Germany				   *
   =*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=
 */

#include "postgres.h"

#include <float.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <math.h>

#include "optimizer/geqo.h"
#include "optimizer/pathnode.h"
#include "optimizer/paths.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"


static bool desirable_join(PlannerInfo *root,
			   RelOptInfo *outer_rel, RelOptInfo *inner_rel);


/*
 * geqo_eval
 *
 * Returns cost of a query tree as an individual of the population.
 */
Cost
geqo_eval(Gene *tour, int num_gene, GeqoEvalData *evaldata)
{
	MemoryContext mycontext;
	MemoryContext oldcxt;
	RelOptInfo *joinrel;
	Cost		fitness;
	List	   *savelist;

	/*
	 * Because gimme_tree considers both left- and right-sided trees,
	 * there is no difference between a tour (a,b,c,d,...) and a tour
	 * (b,a,c,d,...) --- the same join orders will be considered. To avoid
	 * redundant cost calculations, we simply reject tours where tour[0] >
	 * tour[1], assigning them an artificially bad fitness.
	 *
	 * init_tour() is aware of this rule and so we should never reject a tour
	 * during the initial filling of the pool.	It seems difficult to
	 * persuade the recombination logic never to break the rule, however.
	 */
	if (num_gene >= 2 && tour[0] > tour[1])
		return DBL_MAX;

	/*
	 * Create a private memory context that will hold all temp storage
	 * allocated inside gimme_tree().
	 *
	 * Since geqo_eval() will be called many times, we can't afford to let
	 * all that memory go unreclaimed until end of statement.  Note we
	 * make the temp context a child of the planner's normal context, so
	 * that it will be freed even if we abort via ereport(ERROR).
	 */
	mycontext = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
									  "GEQO",
									  ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MINSIZE,
									  ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_INITSIZE,
									  ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MAXSIZE);
	oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(mycontext);

	/*
	 * gimme_tree will add entries to root->join_rel_list, which may or may
	 * not already contain some entries.  The newly added entries will be
	 * recycled by the MemoryContextDelete below, so we must ensure that
	 * the list is restored to its former state before exiting.  With the
	 * new List implementation, the easiest way is to make a duplicate list
	 * that gimme_tree can modify.
	 */
	savelist = evaldata->root->join_rel_list;

	evaldata->root->join_rel_list = list_copy(savelist);

	/* construct the best path for the given combination of relations */
	joinrel = gimme_tree(tour, num_gene, evaldata);

	/*
	 * compute fitness
	 *
	 * XXX geqo does not currently support optimization for partial result
	 * retrieval --- how to fix?
	 */
	if (joinrel)
		fitness = joinrel->cheapest_total_path->total_cost;
	else
		fitness = DBL_MAX;

	/* restore join_rel_list */
	evaldata->root->join_rel_list = savelist;

	/* release all the memory acquired within gimme_tree */
	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
	MemoryContextDelete(mycontext);

	return fitness;
}

/*
 * gimme_tree
 *	  Form planner estimates for a join tree constructed in the specified
 *	  order.
 *
 *	 'tour' is the proposed join order, of length 'num_gene'
 *	 'evaldata' contains the context we need
 *
 * Returns a new join relation whose cheapest path is the best plan for
 * this join order.  NB: will return NULL if join order is invalid.
 *
 * The original implementation of this routine always joined in the specified
 * order, and so could only build left-sided plans (and right-sided and
 * mixtures, as a byproduct of the fact that make_join_rel() is symmetric).
 * It could never produce a "bushy" plan.  This had a couple of big problems,
 * of which the worst was that as of 7.4, there are situations involving IN
 * subqueries where the only valid plans are bushy.
 *
 * The present implementation takes the given tour as a guideline, but
 * postpones joins that seem unsuitable according to some heuristic rules.
 * This allows correct bushy plans to be generated at need, and as a nice
 * side-effect it seems to materially improve the quality of the generated
 * plans.
 */
RelOptInfo *
gimme_tree(Gene *tour, int num_gene, GeqoEvalData *evaldata)
{
	RelOptInfo **stack;
	int			stack_depth;
	RelOptInfo *joinrel;
	int			rel_count;

	/*
	 * Create a stack to hold not-yet-joined relations.
	 */
	stack = (RelOptInfo **) palloc(num_gene * sizeof(RelOptInfo *));
	stack_depth = 0;

	/*
	 * Push each relation onto the stack in the specified order.  After
	 * pushing each relation, see whether the top two stack entries are
	 * joinable according to the desirable_join() heuristics.  If so, join
	 * them into one stack entry, and try again to combine with the next
	 * stack entry down (if any).  When the stack top is no longer
	 * joinable, continue to the next input relation.  After we have
	 * pushed the last input relation, the heuristics are disabled and we
	 * force joining all the remaining stack entries.
	 *
	 * If desirable_join() always returns true, this produces a straight
	 * left-to-right join just like the old code.  Otherwise we may
	 * produce a bushy plan or a left/right-sided plan that really
	 * corresponds to some tour other than the one given.  To the extent
	 * that the heuristics are helpful, however, this will be a better
	 * plan than the raw tour.
	 *
	 * Also, when a join attempt fails (because of IN-clause constraints), we
	 * may be able to recover and produce a workable plan, where the old
	 * code just had to give up.  This case acts the same as a false
	 * result from desirable_join().
	 */
	for (rel_count = 0; rel_count < num_gene; rel_count++)
	{
		int			cur_rel_index;

		/* Get the next input relation and push it */
		cur_rel_index = (int) tour[rel_count];
		stack[stack_depth] = (RelOptInfo *) list_nth(evaldata->initial_rels,
													 cur_rel_index - 1);
		stack_depth++;

		/*
		 * While it's feasible, pop the top two stack entries and replace
		 * with their join.
		 */
		while (stack_depth >= 2)
		{
			RelOptInfo *outer_rel = stack[stack_depth - 2];
			RelOptInfo *inner_rel = stack[stack_depth - 1];

			/*
			 * Don't pop if heuristics say not to join now.  However, once
			 * we have exhausted the input, the heuristics can't prevent
			 * popping.
			 */
			if (rel_count < num_gene - 1 &&
				!desirable_join(evaldata->root, outer_rel, inner_rel))
				break;

			/*
			 * Construct a RelOptInfo representing the join of these two
			 * input relations.  These are always inner joins. Note that
			 * we expect the joinrel not to exist in root->join_rel_list
			 * yet, and so the paths constructed for it will only include
			 * the ones we want.
			 */
			joinrel = make_join_rel(evaldata->root, outer_rel, inner_rel,
									JOIN_INNER);

			/* Can't pop stack here if join order is not valid */
			if (!joinrel)
				break;

			/* Find and save the cheapest paths for this rel */
			set_cheapest(joinrel);

			/* Pop the stack and replace the inputs with their join */
			stack_depth--;
			stack[stack_depth - 1] = joinrel;
		}
	}

	/* Did we succeed in forming a single join relation? */
	if (stack_depth == 1)
		joinrel = stack[0];
	else
		joinrel = NULL;

	pfree(stack);

	return joinrel;
}

/*
 * Heuristics for gimme_tree: do we want to join these two relations?
 */
static bool
desirable_join(PlannerInfo *root,
			   RelOptInfo *outer_rel, RelOptInfo *inner_rel)
{
	ListCell   *l;

	/*
	 * Join if there is an applicable join clause.
	 */
	foreach(l, outer_rel->joininfo)
	{
		JoinInfo   *joininfo = (JoinInfo *) lfirst(l);

		if (bms_is_subset(joininfo->unjoined_relids, inner_rel->relids))
			return true;
	}

	/*
	 * Join if the rels are members of the same IN sub-select.	This is
	 * needed to improve the odds that we will find a valid solution in a
	 * case where an IN sub-select has a clauseless join.
	 */
	foreach(l, root->in_info_list)
	{
		InClauseInfo *ininfo = (InClauseInfo *) lfirst(l);

		if (bms_is_subset(outer_rel->relids, ininfo->righthand) &&
			bms_is_subset(inner_rel->relids, ininfo->righthand))
			return true;
	}

	/* Otherwise postpone the join till later. */
	return false;
}
