/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * joinrels.c
 *	  Routines to determine which relations should be joined
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2005, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *	  $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/path/joinrels.c,v 1.73 2005/06/05 22:32:55 tgl Exp $
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include "optimizer/pathnode.h"
#include "optimizer/paths.h"


static List *make_rels_by_clause_joins(PlannerInfo *root,
						  RelOptInfo *old_rel,
						  ListCell *other_rels);
static List *make_rels_by_clauseless_joins(PlannerInfo *root,
							  RelOptInfo *old_rel,
							  ListCell *other_rels);
static bool is_inside_IN(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel);


/*
 * make_rels_by_joins
 *	  Consider ways to produce join relations containing exactly 'level'
 *	  jointree items.  (This is one step of the dynamic-programming method
 *	  embodied in make_one_rel_by_joins.)  Join rel nodes for each feasible
 *	  combination of lower-level rels are created and returned in a list.
 *	  Implementation paths are created for each such joinrel, too.
 *
 * level: level of rels we want to make this time.
 * joinrels[j], 1 <= j < level, is a list of rels containing j items.
 */
List *
make_rels_by_joins(PlannerInfo *root, int level, List **joinrels)
{
	List	   *result_rels = NIL;
	List	   *new_rels;
	ListCell   *nr;
	ListCell   *r;
	int			k;

	/*
	 * First, consider left-sided and right-sided plans, in which rels of
	 * exactly level-1 member relations are joined against initial
	 * relations. We prefer to join using join clauses, but if we find a
	 * rel of level-1 members that has no join clauses, we will generate
	 * Cartesian-product joins against all initial rels not already
	 * contained in it.
	 *
	 * In the first pass (level == 2), we try to join each initial rel to
	 * each initial rel that appears later in joinrels[1].	(The
	 * mirror-image joins are handled automatically by make_join_rel.)	In
	 * later passes, we try to join rels of size level-1 from
	 * joinrels[level-1] to each initial rel in joinrels[1].
	 */
	foreach(r, joinrels[level - 1])
	{
		RelOptInfo *old_rel = (RelOptInfo *) lfirst(r);
		ListCell   *other_rels;

		if (level == 2)
			other_rels = lnext(r);		/* only consider remaining initial
										 * rels */
		else
			other_rels = list_head(joinrels[1]);		/* consider all initial
														 * rels */

		if (old_rel->joininfo != NIL)
		{
			/*
			 * Note that if all available join clauses for this rel
			 * require more than one other rel, we will fail to make any
			 * joins against it here.  In most cases that's OK; it'll be
			 * considered by "bushy plan" join code in a higher-level pass
			 * where we have those other rels collected into a join rel.
			 */
			new_rels = make_rels_by_clause_joins(root,
												 old_rel,
												 other_rels);

			/*
			 * An exception occurs when there is a clauseless join inside
			 * an IN (sub-SELECT) construct.  Here, the members of the
			 * subselect all have join clauses (against the stuff outside
			 * the IN), but they *must* be joined to each other before we
			 * can make use of those join clauses.	So do the clauseless
			 * join bit.
			 *
			 * See also the last-ditch case below.
			 */
			if (new_rels == NIL && is_inside_IN(root, old_rel))
				new_rels = make_rels_by_clauseless_joins(root,
														 old_rel,
														 other_rels);
		}
		else
		{
			/*
			 * Oops, we have a relation that is not joined to any other
			 * relation.  Cartesian product time.
			 */
			new_rels = make_rels_by_clauseless_joins(root,
													 old_rel,
													 other_rels);
		}

		/*
		 * At levels above 2 we will generate the same joined relation in
		 * multiple ways --- for example (a join b) join c is the same
		 * RelOptInfo as (b join c) join a, though the second case will
		 * add a different set of Paths to it.	To avoid making extra work
		 * for subsequent passes, do not enter the same RelOptInfo into
		 * our output list multiple times.
		 */
		foreach(nr, new_rels)
		{
			RelOptInfo *jrel = (RelOptInfo *) lfirst(nr);

			if (!list_member_ptr(result_rels, jrel))
				result_rels = lcons(jrel, result_rels);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Now, consider "bushy plans" in which relations of k initial rels
	 * are joined to relations of level-k initial rels, for 2 <= k <=
	 * level-2.
	 *
	 * We only consider bushy-plan joins for pairs of rels where there is a
	 * suitable join clause, in order to avoid unreasonable growth of
	 * planning time.
	 */
	for (k = 2;; k++)
	{
		int			other_level = level - k;

		/*
		 * Since make_join_rel(x, y) handles both x,y and y,x cases, we
		 * only need to go as far as the halfway point.
		 */
		if (k > other_level)
			break;

		foreach(r, joinrels[k])
		{
			RelOptInfo *old_rel = (RelOptInfo *) lfirst(r);
			ListCell   *other_rels;
			ListCell   *r2;

			if (old_rel->joininfo == NIL)
				continue;		/* we ignore clauseless joins here */

			if (k == other_level)
				other_rels = lnext(r);	/* only consider remaining rels */
			else
				other_rels = list_head(joinrels[other_level]);

			for_each_cell(r2, other_rels)
			{
				RelOptInfo *new_rel = (RelOptInfo *) lfirst(r2);

				if (!bms_overlap(old_rel->relids, new_rel->relids))
				{
					ListCell   *i;

					/*
					 * OK, we can build a rel of the right level from this
					 * pair of rels.  Do so if there is at least one
					 * usable join clause.
					 */
					foreach(i, old_rel->joininfo)
					{
						JoinInfo   *joininfo = (JoinInfo *) lfirst(i);

						if (bms_is_subset(joininfo->unjoined_relids,
										  new_rel->relids))
						{
							RelOptInfo *jrel;

							jrel = make_join_rel(root, old_rel, new_rel,
												 JOIN_INNER);
							/* Avoid making duplicate entries ... */
							if (jrel && !list_member_ptr(result_rels, jrel))
								result_rels = lcons(jrel, result_rels);
							break;		/* need not consider more
										 * joininfos */
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Last-ditch effort: if we failed to find any usable joins so far,
	 * force a set of cartesian-product joins to be generated.	This
	 * handles the special case where all the available rels have join
	 * clauses but we cannot use any of the joins yet.	An example is
	 *
	 * SELECT * FROM a,b,c WHERE (a.f1 + b.f2 + c.f3) = 0;
	 *
	 * The join clause will be usable at level 3, but at level 2 we have no
	 * choice but to make cartesian joins.	We consider only left-sided
	 * and right-sided cartesian joins in this case (no bushy).
	 */
	if (result_rels == NIL)
	{
		/*
		 * This loop is just like the first one, except we always call
		 * make_rels_by_clauseless_joins().
		 */
		foreach(r, joinrels[level - 1])
		{
			RelOptInfo *old_rel = (RelOptInfo *) lfirst(r);
			ListCell   *other_rels;

			if (level == 2)
				other_rels = lnext(r);	/* only consider remaining initial
										 * rels */
			else
				other_rels = list_head(joinrels[1]);	/* consider all initial
														 * rels */

			new_rels = make_rels_by_clauseless_joins(root,
													 old_rel,
													 other_rels);

			foreach(nr, new_rels)
			{
				RelOptInfo *jrel = (RelOptInfo *) lfirst(nr);

				if (!list_member_ptr(result_rels, jrel))
					result_rels = lcons(jrel, result_rels);
			}
		}

		/*----------
		 * When IN clauses are involved, there may be no legal way to make
		 * an N-way join for some values of N.	For example consider
		 *
		 * SELECT ... FROM t1 WHERE
		 *	 x IN (SELECT ... FROM t2,t3 WHERE ...) AND
		 *	 y IN (SELECT ... FROM t4,t5 WHERE ...)
		 *
		 * We will flatten this query to a 5-way join problem, but there are
		 * no 4-way joins that make_join_rel() will consider legal.  We have
		 * to accept failure at level 4 and go on to discover a workable
		 * bushy plan at level 5.
		 *
		 * However, if there are no IN clauses then make_join_rel() should
		 * never fail, and so the following sanity check is useful.
		 *----------
		 */
		if (result_rels == NIL && root->in_info_list == NIL)
			elog(ERROR, "failed to build any %d-way joins", level);
	}

	return result_rels;
}

/*
 * make_rels_by_clause_joins
 *	  Build joins between the given relation 'old_rel' and other relations
 *	  that are mentioned within old_rel's joininfo nodes (i.e., relations
 *	  that participate in join clauses that 'old_rel' also participates in).
 *	  The join rel nodes are returned in a list.
 *
 * 'old_rel' is the relation entry for the relation to be joined
 * 'other_rels': the first cell in a linked list containing the other
 * rels to be considered for joining
 *
 * Currently, this is only used with initial rels in other_rels, but it
 * will work for joining to joinrels too, if the caller ensures there is no
 * membership overlap between old_rel and the rels in other_rels.  (We need
 * no extra test for overlap for initial rels, since the is_subset test can
 * only succeed when other_rel is not already part of old_rel.)
 */
static List *
make_rels_by_clause_joins(PlannerInfo *root,
						  RelOptInfo *old_rel,
						  ListCell *other_rels)
{
	List	   *result = NIL;
	ListCell   *i,
			   *j;

	foreach(i, old_rel->joininfo)
	{
		JoinInfo   *joininfo = (JoinInfo *) lfirst(i);
		Relids		unjoined_relids = joininfo->unjoined_relids;

		for_each_cell(j, other_rels)
		{
			RelOptInfo *other_rel = (RelOptInfo *) lfirst(j);

			if (bms_is_subset(unjoined_relids, other_rel->relids))
			{
				RelOptInfo *jrel;

				jrel = make_join_rel(root, old_rel, other_rel, JOIN_INNER);

				/*
				 * Avoid entering same joinrel into our output list more
				 * than once.
				 */
				if (jrel && !list_member_ptr(result, jrel))
					result = lcons(jrel, result);
			}
		}
	}

	return result;
}

/*
 * make_rels_by_clauseless_joins
 *	  Given a relation 'old_rel' and a list of other relations
 *	  'other_rels', create a join relation between 'old_rel' and each
 *	  member of 'other_rels' that isn't already included in 'old_rel'.
 *	  The join rel nodes are returned in a list.
 *
 * 'old_rel' is the relation entry for the relation to be joined
 * 'other_rels': the first cell of a linked list containing the
 * other rels to be considered for joining
 *
 * Currently, this is only used with initial rels in other_rels, but it would
 * work for joining to joinrels too.
 */
static List *
make_rels_by_clauseless_joins(PlannerInfo *root,
							  RelOptInfo *old_rel,
							  ListCell *other_rels)
{
	List	   *result = NIL;
	ListCell   *i;

	for_each_cell(i, other_rels)
	{
		RelOptInfo *other_rel = (RelOptInfo *) lfirst(i);

		if (!bms_overlap(other_rel->relids, old_rel->relids))
		{
			RelOptInfo *jrel;

			jrel = make_join_rel(root, old_rel, other_rel, JOIN_INNER);

			/*
			 * As long as given other_rels are distinct, don't need to
			 * test to see if jrel is already part of output list.
			 */
			if (jrel)
				result = lcons(jrel, result);
		}
	}

	return result;
}


/*
 * is_inside_IN
 *		Detect whether the specified relation is inside an IN (sub-SELECT).
 *
 * Note that we are actually only interested in rels that have been pulled up
 * out of an IN, so the routine name is a slight misnomer.
 */
static bool
is_inside_IN(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel)
{
	ListCell   *l;

	foreach(l, root->in_info_list)
	{
		InClauseInfo *ininfo = (InClauseInfo *) lfirst(l);

		if (bms_is_subset(rel->relids, ininfo->righthand))
			return true;
	}
	return false;
}


/*
 * make_jointree_rel
 *		Find or build a RelOptInfo join rel representing a specific
 *		jointree item.	For JoinExprs, we only consider the construction
 *		path that corresponds exactly to what the user wrote.
 */
RelOptInfo *
make_jointree_rel(PlannerInfo *root, Node *jtnode)
{
	if (IsA(jtnode, RangeTblRef))
	{
		int			varno = ((RangeTblRef *) jtnode)->rtindex;

		return find_base_rel(root, varno);
	}
	else if (IsA(jtnode, FromExpr))
	{
		FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) jtnode;

		/* Recurse back to multi-way-join planner */
		return make_fromexpr_rel(root, f);
	}
	else if (IsA(jtnode, JoinExpr))
	{
		JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) jtnode;
		RelOptInfo *rel,
				   *lrel,
				   *rrel;

		/* Recurse */
		lrel = make_jointree_rel(root, j->larg);
		rrel = make_jointree_rel(root, j->rarg);

		/* Make this join rel */
		rel = make_join_rel(root, lrel, rrel, j->jointype);

		if (rel == NULL)		/* oops */
			elog(ERROR, "invalid join order");

		/*
		 * Since we are only going to consider this one way to do it,
		 * we're done generating Paths for this joinrel and can now select
		 * the cheapest.  In fact we *must* do so now, since next level up
		 * will need it!
		 */
		set_cheapest(rel);

#ifdef OPTIMIZER_DEBUG
		debug_print_rel(root, rel);
#endif

		return rel;
	}
	else
		elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d",
			 (int) nodeTag(jtnode));
	return NULL;				/* keep compiler quiet */
}


/*
 * make_join_rel
 *	   Find or create a join RelOptInfo that represents the join of
 *	   the two given rels, and add to it path information for paths
 *	   created with the two rels as outer and inner rel.
 *	   (The join rel may already contain paths generated from other
 *	   pairs of rels that add up to the same set of base rels.)
 *
 * NB: will return NULL if attempted join is not valid.  This can only
 * happen when working with IN clauses that have been turned into joins.
 */
RelOptInfo *
make_join_rel(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel1, RelOptInfo *rel2,
			  JoinType jointype)
{
	Relids		joinrelids;
	RelOptInfo *joinrel;
	List	   *restrictlist;

	/* We should never try to join two overlapping sets of rels. */
	Assert(!bms_overlap(rel1->relids, rel2->relids));

	/* Construct Relids set that identifies the joinrel. */
	joinrelids = bms_union(rel1->relids, rel2->relids);

	/*
	 * If we are implementing IN clauses as joins, there are some joins
	 * that are illegal.  Check to see if the proposed join is trouble. We
	 * can skip the work if looking at an outer join, however, because
	 * only top-level joins might be affected.
	 */
	if (jointype == JOIN_INNER)
	{
		ListCell   *l;

		foreach(l, root->in_info_list)
		{
			InClauseInfo *ininfo = (InClauseInfo *) lfirst(l);

			/*
			 * This IN clause is not relevant unless its RHS overlaps the
			 * proposed join.  (Check this first as a fast path for
			 * dismissing most irrelevant INs quickly.)
			 */
			if (!bms_overlap(ininfo->righthand, joinrelids))
				continue;

			/*
			 * If we are still building the IN clause's RHS, then this IN
			 * clause isn't relevant yet.
			 */
			if (bms_is_subset(joinrelids, ininfo->righthand))
				continue;

			/*
			 * Cannot join if proposed join contains rels not in the RHS
			 * *and* contains only part of the RHS.  We must build the
			 * complete RHS (subselect's join) before it can be joined to
			 * rels outside the subselect.
			 */
			if (!bms_is_subset(ininfo->righthand, joinrelids))
			{
				bms_free(joinrelids);
				return NULL;
			}

			/*
			 * At this point we are considering a join of the IN's RHS to
			 * some other rel(s).
			 *
			 * If we already joined IN's RHS to any other rels in either
			 * input path, then this join is not constrained (the
			 * necessary work was done at the lower level where that join
			 * occurred).
			 */
			if (bms_is_subset(ininfo->righthand, rel1->relids) &&
				!bms_equal(ininfo->righthand, rel1->relids))
				continue;
			if (bms_is_subset(ininfo->righthand, rel2->relids) &&
				!bms_equal(ininfo->righthand, rel2->relids))
				continue;

			/*
			 * JOIN_IN technique will work if outerrel includes LHS and
			 * innerrel is exactly RHS; conversely JOIN_REVERSE_IN handles
			 * RHS/LHS.
			 *
			 * JOIN_UNIQUE_OUTER will work if outerrel is exactly RHS;
			 * conversely JOIN_UNIQUE_INNER will work if innerrel is
			 * exactly RHS.
			 *
			 * But none of these will work if we already found another IN
			 * that needs to trigger here.
			 */
			if (jointype != JOIN_INNER)
			{
				bms_free(joinrelids);
				return NULL;
			}
			if (bms_is_subset(ininfo->lefthand, rel1->relids) &&
				bms_equal(ininfo->righthand, rel2->relids))
				jointype = JOIN_IN;
			else if (bms_is_subset(ininfo->lefthand, rel2->relids) &&
					 bms_equal(ininfo->righthand, rel1->relids))
				jointype = JOIN_REVERSE_IN;
			else if (bms_equal(ininfo->righthand, rel1->relids))
				jointype = JOIN_UNIQUE_OUTER;
			else if (bms_equal(ininfo->righthand, rel2->relids))
				jointype = JOIN_UNIQUE_INNER;
			else
			{
				/* invalid join path */
				bms_free(joinrelids);
				return NULL;
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Find or build the join RelOptInfo, and compute the restrictlist
	 * that goes with this particular joining.
	 */
	joinrel = build_join_rel(root, joinrelids, rel1, rel2, jointype,
							 &restrictlist);

	/*
	 * Consider paths using each rel as both outer and inner.
	 */
	switch (jointype)
	{
		case JOIN_INNER:
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel1, rel2, JOIN_INNER,
								 restrictlist);
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel2, rel1, JOIN_INNER,
								 restrictlist);
			break;
		case JOIN_LEFT:
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel1, rel2, JOIN_LEFT,
								 restrictlist);
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel2, rel1, JOIN_RIGHT,
								 restrictlist);
			break;
		case JOIN_FULL:
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel1, rel2, JOIN_FULL,
								 restrictlist);
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel2, rel1, JOIN_FULL,
								 restrictlist);
			break;
		case JOIN_RIGHT:
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel1, rel2, JOIN_RIGHT,
								 restrictlist);
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel2, rel1, JOIN_LEFT,
								 restrictlist);
			break;
		case JOIN_IN:
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel1, rel2, JOIN_IN,
								 restrictlist);
			/* REVERSE_IN isn't supported by joinpath.c */
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel1, rel2, JOIN_UNIQUE_INNER,
								 restrictlist);
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel2, rel1, JOIN_UNIQUE_OUTER,
								 restrictlist);
			break;
		case JOIN_REVERSE_IN:
			/* REVERSE_IN isn't supported by joinpath.c */
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel2, rel1, JOIN_IN,
								 restrictlist);
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel1, rel2, JOIN_UNIQUE_OUTER,
								 restrictlist);
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel2, rel1, JOIN_UNIQUE_INNER,
								 restrictlist);
			break;
		case JOIN_UNIQUE_OUTER:
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel1, rel2, JOIN_UNIQUE_OUTER,
								 restrictlist);
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel2, rel1, JOIN_UNIQUE_INNER,
								 restrictlist);
			break;
		case JOIN_UNIQUE_INNER:
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel1, rel2, JOIN_UNIQUE_INNER,
								 restrictlist);
			add_paths_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, rel2, rel1, JOIN_UNIQUE_OUTER,
								 restrictlist);
			break;
		default:
			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized join type: %d",
				 (int) jointype);
			break;
	}

	bms_free(joinrelids);

	return joinrel;
}
