Optimizer Functions
-------------------

These directories take the Query structure returned by the parser, and
generate a plan used by the executor.  The /plan directory generates the
plan, the /path generates all possible ways to join the tables, and
/prep handles special cases like inheritance.  /utils is utility stuff.

planner()
 handle inheritance by processing separately
-init_query_planner()
  preprocess target list
  preprocess qualifications(WHERE)
--query_planner()
   cnfify()
    Summary:

     Simple cases with all AND's are handled by removing the AND's:

     convert:   a = 1 AND b = 2 AND c = 3
     to:        a = 1, b = 2, c = 3

     Qualifications with OR's are handled differently.  OR's inside AND
     clauses are not modified drastically:

     convert:   a = 1 AND b = 2 AND (c = 3 OR d = 4)
     to:        a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 OR d = 4

     OR's in the upper level are more complex to handle:

     convert:   (a = 1 AND b = 2) OR c = 3
     to:        (a = 1 OR c = 3) AND (b = 2 OR c = 3)
     finally:   (a = 1 OR c = 3), (b = 2 OR c = 3)

     These clauses all have to be true for a result to be returned,
     so the optimizer can choose the most restrictive clauses.

   pull out constants from target list
   get a target list that only contains column names, no expressions
   if none, then return
---subplanner()
    make list of relations in target
    make list of relations in where clause
     split up the qual into restrictions (a=1) and joins (b=c)
    find which relations can do merge sort and hash joins
----find_paths()
     find scan and all index paths for each relation not yet joined
     one relation, return
     find selectivity of columns used in joins
-----find_join_paths()
      Summary:  With OPTIMIZER_DEBUG defined, you see:

      Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 are joined as:
         {1 2},{1 3},{1 4},{2 3},{2 4}
         {1 2 3},{1 2 4},{2 3 4}
         {1 2 3 4}

      Actual output tests show combinations:
         {4 2},{3 2},{1 4},{1 3},{1 2}
         {4 2 3},{1 4 2},{1 3 2}
         {4 2 3 1}

      Cheapest join order shows:
         {4 2},{3 2},{1 4},{1 3},{1 2}
         {3 2 4},{1 4 2},{1 3 2}
         {1 4 2 3}

      It first finds the best way to join each table to every other
      table.  It then takes those joined table combinations, and joins
      them to the other joined table combinations, until all tables are
      joined.

      jump to geqo if needed
      again:
       find_join_rels():
        for each joinrel:
         find_clause_joins()
          for each join on joinrel:
           if a join from the join clause adds only one relation, do the join
         or find_clauseless_joins()
       find_all_join_paths()
        generate paths(nested,sortmerge) for joins found in find_join_rels()
       prune_joinrels()
        remove from the join list the relation we just added to each join
       prune_rel_paths()
        set cheapest and perhaps remove unordered path, recompute table sizes
       if we have not done all the tables, go to again:
   do group(GROUP)
   do aggregate
   put back constants
   re-flatten target list
 make unique(DISTINCT)
 make sort(ORDER BY)



Optimizer Structures
--------------------

RelOptInfo		- Every relation

 RestrictInfo	- restriction clauses
 JoinInfo		- join combinations

 Path			- every way to access a relation(sequential, index)
  IndexPath		- index scans

  JoinPath		- joins
   MergePath	- merge joins
   HashPath		- hash joins

 PathOrder		- every ordering type (sort, merge of relations)

